INKAT electrical components Germany INKAT model INKAT price

INKAT electrical components are instruments used to transform voltage. However, the purpose of a transformer's voltage transformation is to facilitate power transmission, so its capacity is large, generally calculated in kilovolt-amperes or megavolt-amperes; whereas the purpose of a voltage transformer's voltage transformation is mainly to supply power to measuring instruments and relay protection devices, to measure line voltage, power, and energy, or to protect valuable equipment, motors, and transformers in the line when a fault occurs. Therefore, the capacity of a voltage transformer is very small, generally only a few volt-amperes or tens of volt-amperes, with a maximum not exceeding one thousand volt-amperes.

INKAT electrical component parameters

The main parameters of a potentiometer include nominal resistance, rated power, resolution, sliding noise, resistance variation characteristic, wear resistance, zero-position resistance, and temperature coefficient. 1. Rated power: The maximum power allowed to be dissipated across the two fixed terminals of a potentiometer is its rated power. Note that the rated power is not equal to the power between the center tap and a fixed terminal. The rated power of a potentiometer refers to the maximum power allowed to be consumed under long-term continuous load at the specified rated temperature, when the atmospheric pressure is 87~107kPa. 2. Nominal resistance: The nominal resistance marked on the product, with series similar to those of resistors. 3. Allowable error class: The error range between the measured resistance and the nominal resistance can be 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, or 1% depending on the precision class. The precision of precision potentiometers can reach 0.1%. 6. Resistance variation law: Refers to the relationship between resistance change and the rotation angle (or sliding travel) of the wiper contact. This relationship can take any functional form; common types include linear, logarithmic, and reverse logarithmic (exponential). In use, linear potentiometers are suitable as voltage dividers; reverse logarithmic (exponential) potentiometers are suitable as volume controls in radios, recorders, phonographs, and televisions. If a replacement of the same type is unavailable during maintenance, a linear type may be used as a substitute, but a logarithmic type is not recommended. Logarithmic potentiometers are only suitable for tone control, etc.

INKAT electrical component structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective film, common electrodes, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism layer, and diffuser layer. The polarizing film is also known as a polarizer. Polarizers are divided into upper and lower polarizers. The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other. They act like a fence, blocking light wave components as required; for example, they block light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence and only allow light wave components parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into upper and lower substrates. Their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is generally alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate is distributed with TFT, while the other glass substrate is deposited with color filters. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses highly light-shielding materials to separate the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) in the color filters (to prevent color mixing) and to prevent light leakage, thereby improving the contrast of each color block. In addition, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can also conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. Color filters, also known as color filter films, function to generate 3 primary colors (red, green, and blue) to achieve full-color display on the liquid crystal display. 4. Alignment film: The alignment film, also known as an orientation film or alignment layer, functions to enable uniform arrangement and orientation of liquid crystal molecules at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrodes: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: In LCD, the liquid crystal material acts like a light valve, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, and other parameters of the potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the liquid crystal. In the LCD panel, active-matrix liquid crystal displays are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. The upper glass substrate (closer to the display screen) is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) tricolor filters (also known as color filter films), a black matrix, and a common transparent electrode. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment films (or alignment layers) are prepared on the inner sides of the two glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, and spacers are dispersed to ensure uniform gap thickness. The periphery is bonded with frame sealant for sealing purposes, and the common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using silver dot adhesive technology. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. Consequently, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes. Liquid crystal displays utilize the optical rotatory power of the liquid crystal material combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices that do not possess inherent light-emitting characteristics. They rely on light emission from the source in the backlight module to achieve display performance. Therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the LCD panel. The backlight module includes illumination sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffusion sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. Backlight modules used in LCD are mainly categorized into edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) primarily use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module light sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the main backlight sources for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as a reflection cover, mainly functions to direct all light emitted by the source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss as much as possible. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to guide light from the side light source to the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as a brightness enhancement film, mainly functions to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total reflection within the film layer, emitting it from the backlight source at specific angles to achieve a screen brightening effect.21. Diffusion sheet: The main function of the diffusion sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source, achieving optical diffusion. Diffusion sheets are categorized into upper and lower diffusion sheets. The upper diffusion sheet is located between the prism sheet and the LCD assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffusion sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

INKAT electrical component composition

A multimeter consists of three main parts: the meter head, measuring circuit, and selector switch. The multimeter is the most basic tool in the field of electronic testing and is also a widely used test instrument. Multimeters are also called multi-meters, triple-purpose meters (A, V, Ω, i.e., current, voltage, and resistance), multiplexers, and universal meters. Multimeters are divided into analog multimeters and digital multimeters. There is also an oscilloscope multimeter with oscilloscope functionality, which is a multifunctional, multi-range measuring instrument. General multimeters can measure DC current, DC voltage, AC voltage, resistance, and audio levels. Some can also measure AC current, capacitance, inductance, temperature, and certain parameters of semiconductors (diodes, transistors). Digital multimeters have become mainstream and have replaced analog instruments. Compared with analog instruments, digital instruments offer higher sensitivity, higher accuracy, clearer display, stronger overload capacity, portability, and easier, simpler operation.

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