KLEINAUTOMOTIVE electrical components German KLEINAUTOMOTIVE models KLEINAUTOMOTIVE prices

KLEINAUTOMOTIVE electrical components are commonly used temperature-sensing elements in temperature measurement instruments. They directly measure temperature and convert the temperature signal into a thermoelectric EMF signal, which is then converted into the temperature of the measured medium by an electrical instrument (secondary instrument). The external shapes of various thermocouples often differ significantly depending on requirements, but their basic structures are largely similar, typically consisting of main components such as hot electrodes, insulating protective tubes, and terminal blocks. They are usually used in conjunction with display instruments, recording instruments, and electronic regulators. In industrial production processes, temperature is one of the important parameters that need to be measured and controlled. In temperature measurement, thermocouples are widely used due to their many advantages, including simple structure, ease of manufacturing, wide measurement range, high accuracy, low inertia, and output signals suitable for long-distance transmission. Additionally, since thermocouples are passive sensors that do not require an external power supply during measurement, they are very convenient to use and are often employed to measure the temperature of gases or liquids inside furnaces and pipelines, as well as the surface temperature of solids.

KLEINAUTOMOTIVE electrical component parameters

(1) Rated operating voltage: refers to the voltage required by the coil for normal relay operation. Depending on the relay model, it can be AC voltage or DC voltage. (2) DC resistance: refers to the DC resistance of the relay coil, which can be measured with a multimeter. (3) Pull-in current: refers to the minimum current required for the relay to perform the pull-in action. During normal use, the applied current must be slightly greater than the pull-in current to ensure stable relay operation. The operating voltage applied to the coil should generally not exceed the rated operating voltage; otherwise, excessive current may burn out the coil. (4) Release current: refers to the maximum current at which the relay performs the release action. When the current in the pulled-in state decreases to a certain level, the relay returns to the de-energized release state, at which point the current is much lower than the pull-in current. (5) Contact switching voltage and current: refer to the voltage and current that the relay is allowed to handle. These values determine the magnitude of voltage and current the relay can control. Do not exceed these values during use, as doing so can easily damage the relay contacts.

KLEINAUTOMOTIVE electrical component principles

The basic working principle of fiber optic sensors is to guide light from a source through an optical fiber into a modulator. After interacting with the light entering the modulation region, the parameter to be measured causes changes in the optical properties of the light (such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, polarization state, etc.), resulting in modulated signal light. Measurement is completed by utilizing the influence of the measured quantity on the light transmission characteristics. There are two types of measurement principles for fiber optic sensors: (1) Physical property-type fiber optic sensor principle: Physical property-type fiber optic sensors utilize the sensitivity of the optical fiber to environmental changes to convert input physical quantities into modulated optical signals. Their working principle is based on the optical modulation effect of the fiber, meaning that when external environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, electric field, or magnetic field change, the light transmission characteristics, such as phase and light intensity, also change. Therefore, by measuring changes in the phase and intensity of light passing through the fiber, changes in the measured physical quantity can be determined. These sensors are also known as sensitive element-type or functional fiber optic sensors. The point-source beam from a laser is expanded into parallel waves and split by a beam splitter into two paths: one reference path and one measurement path. External parameters (temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.) cause changes in fiber length and optical phase, generating different numbers of interference fringes. Counting the lateral movement of these fringes allows measurement of temperature or pressure. (8) Structural-type fiber optic sensor principle: Structural-type fiber optic sensors are measurement systems composed of photodetection elements (sensitive elements), optical fiber transmission circuits, and measurement circuits. In this type, the optical fiber serves only as a medium for light propagation, so they are also referred to as light-transmitting or non-functional fiber optic sensors.

KLEINAUTOMOTIVE electrical component characteristics

Sensitivity refers to the ratio of the change in output to the change in input under steady-state operating conditions of a sensor. It is the slope of the output-input characteristic curve. If there is a linear relationship between the sensor's output and input, then sensitivity S is a constant. Otherwise, it will vary with changes in the input. The dimension of sensitivity is the ratio of the dimensions of the output and input quantities. When the dimensions of the sensor's output and input quantities are the same, sensitivity can be understood as the amplification factor. Increasing sensitivity yields higher measurement accuracy. However, the higher the sensitivity, the narrower the measurement range and often the poorer the stability.

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