ALBRECHTJUNG electrical components Germany ALBRECHTJUNG model ALBRECHTJUNG price

ALBRECHTJUNG electrical components are pyroelectric infrared sensors, devices constructed from thermocouples. They are widely used as temperature detection devices in fields such as ear thermometers, radiation thermometers, electric ovens, and food temperature testing. The entry details the basic unit composing a thermopile—the thermocouple; and thoroughly introduces the structure, working principle, main parameters, and applications of thermopiles.

ALBRECHTJUNG electrical components classification

Thyristors have multiple classification methods: ① Classification by turn-off, conduction, and control methods: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors, bidirectional thyristors, reverse-conducting thyristors, gate turn-off thyristors, BTG thyristors, temperature-controlled thyristors, and light-controlled thyristors, among others. ② Classification by pins and polarity: Thyristors can be divided into two-pin thyristors, three-pin thyristors, and four-pin thyristors based on their pins and polarity. ③ Classification by package type: Thyristors can be divided into three types based on their package: metal-packaged thyristors, plastic-packaged thyristors, and ceramic-packaged thyristors. Among these, metal-packaged thyristors are further divided into bolt-type, flat-type, and round-case types, among others; plastic-packaged thyristors are divided into two types: with heat sink and without heat sink. ④ Classification by current capacity: Thyristors can be divided into three types based on current capacity: high-power thyristors, medium-power thyristors, and low-power thyristors. Typically, high-power thyristors mostly use metal case packaging, while medium and low-power thyristors mostly use plastic or ceramic packaging. ⑤ Classification by turn-off speed: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors and high-frequency (fast) thyristors based on their turn-off speed. ⑥ Zero-crossing triggering - generally for power regulation, i.e., triggering occurs when the phase of the sinusoidal AC voltage crosses zero; triggering must occur at the zero crossing to conduct the thyristor. ⑦ Non-zero-crossing triggering - the thyristor can be triggered to conduct regardless of the phase of the AC voltage; common is phase-shift triggering, i.e., changing the output percentage by altering the conduction angle (phase angle) of the sinusoidal AC voltage.

ALBRECHTJUNG electrical components principle

When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop with their ends connected, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions differ, with one end at temperature T, called the working end or hot end, and the other end at temperature T0, called the free end or cold end, an electromotive force (EMF) will be generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this EMF depend on the materials of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect," the loop formed by the two conductors is called a "thermocouple," these two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes," and the generated EMF is called "thermoelectric EMF." Thermoelectric EMF consists of two parts: one is the contact EMF between the two conductors, and the other is the temperature difference EMF of a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermoelectric EMF in a thermocouple loop depends only on the conductor materials forming the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is independent of the shape and dimensions of the thermocouple. Once the materials of the two thermocouple electrodes are fixed, the thermoelectric EMF is the functional difference between the temperatures t and t0 of the two junctions. This relationship is widely applied in practical temperature measurement. Since the cold end t0 is constant, the thermoelectric EMF generated by the thermocouple changes only with the temperature of the hot end (measurement end), meaning a specific thermoelectric EMF corresponds to a specific temperature. We can achieve temperature measurement simply by measuring the thermoelectric EMF. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that two conductors of different compositions form a closed loop; when a temperature gradient exists between the two ends, current flows through the loop, creating an EMF between the ends—thermoelectric EMF—this is the so-called Seebeck effect. Two homogeneous conductors of different compositions serve as thermoelectrodes, the higher-temperature end is the working end, and the lower-temperature end is the free end, which is usually maintained at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermoelectric EMF and temperature, thermocouple calibration tables are created; these tables are obtained under the condition that the free end temperature is 0 °C, and different thermocouples have different calibration tables. When a third metal material is introduced into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions of this material are the same, the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple remains unchanged, i.e., it is unaffected by the introduction of the third metal into the loop. Therefore, during thermocouple temperature measurement, a measuring instrument can be connected, and once the thermoelectric EMF is measured, the temperature of the measured medium can be determined. Thermocouple temperature measurement requires that the temperature of its cold end (the measurement end is the hot end, and the end connected to the measurement circuit via lead wires is called the cold end) remains constant, so that the thermoelectric potential maintains a proportional relationship with the measured temperature. If the (ambient) temperature of the cold end changes during measurement, it will seriously affect measurement accuracy. Taking certain measures at the cold end to compensate for the impact caused by cold end temperature changes is called normal thermocouple cold junction compensation. Special compensation wires are used to connect to the measuring instrument. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: ① From millivolts to temperature: Measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the thermocouple's millivolt value, and convert to temperature; ② From temperature to millivolts: Measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract to obtain the millivolt value, which yields the temperature.

ALBRECHTJUNG electrical components performance

① Electromotive force (EMF): EMF is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of two electrodes. ② Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated based on the amount of active electrode material in the battery reaction equation and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions in the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of a battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. ③ Rated voltage: The typical operating voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as nominal voltage. It serves as a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual operating voltage of a battery equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes under different usage conditions. It depends only on the type of active electrode material, not on the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain formation films caused by electrode reactions can cause minor voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of fluctuation is small but the frequency range is wide, distinguishing it from self-excited noise in circuits. ④ Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows between the two poles). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is denoted by V open, and is generally less than its EMF. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two poles in the electrolyte solution are typically not equilibrium electrode potentials, but stable electrode potentials. It can generally be approximated that the open-circuit voltage of a battery is its EMF. ⑤ Internal resistance: Battery internal resistance refers to the resistance encountered when current passes through the interior of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance; polarization internal resistance further includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the presence of internal resistance, the operating voltage of a battery is always less than its EMF or open-circuit voltage. Battery internal resistance is not constant; it changes over time (gradually increasing) during charging and discharging processes because the composition of active materials, electrolyte concentration, and temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law; polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but not linearly. It commonly increases with increasing current density. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance; it directly affects the battery's operating voltage, operating current, output energy, and power. For batteries, the smaller the internal resistance, the better. ⑥ Impedance: Batteries have a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so a battery can be equivalently modeled as a series circuit of a large capacitor with small resistance and inductance. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since battery impedance changes with time and DC level; the measured impedance is only valid for the specific measurement state. ⑦ Charge/discharge rate: There are two representation methods: hour rate and C-rate. Hour rate represents the charge/discharge rate by charge/discharge time, numerically equal to the battery's rated capacity (Ampere-hours) divided by the specified charge/discharge current (Amperes), resulting in hours. C-rate is another representation of charge/discharge rate, numerically the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of primary batteries is represented by the time taken to discharge through a fixed resistor to the cutoff voltage. Discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. ⑧ Life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture to initial use, measured in years. The total period including storage and usage periods is called the battery's shelf life. Storage battery life is distinguished into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the charge/discharge cycle test protocol must also be specified, including charge/discharge rate, depth of discharge, and ambient temperature range. ⑨ Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity on its own during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge per unit storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

Weidou Intelligent Technology professionally sells German ALBRECHTJUNG connectors, ALBRECHTJUNG switches, ALBRECHTJUNG relays, ALBRECHTJUNG controllers, ALBRECHTJUNG plugs, ALBRECHTJUNG sensors, ALBRECHTJUNG resistors, ALBRECHTJUNG capacitors, ALBRECHTJUNG buses, ALBRECHTJUNG modules, ALBRECHTJUNG cables, ALBRECHTJUNG power supplies, ALBRECHTJUNG interfaces, ALBRECHTJUNG gateways, ALBRECHTJUNG circuit breakers, ALBRECHTJUNG original imports from Germany. Welcome customers to inquire and order.