Effekta Regeltechnik electrical components, German Effekta Regeltechnik models, Effekta Regeltechnik prices

Effekta Regeltechnik electrical components refer to lightning arresters or antenna switching tubes used for overvoltage protection. These tubes contain two or more electrodes and are filled with a specific amount of inert gas. A gas discharge tube is a gap-type lightning protection component used in the lightning protection of communication systems. Gas discharge tubes have been widely applied in the lightning protection of communication systems. Discharge tubes are commonly used in the first or first two stages of multi-stage protection circuits to discharge instantaneous lightning overcurrents and limit overvoltages. Due to the high inter-electrode insulation resistance and low parasitic capacitance of discharge tubes, they offer clear advantages for lightning protection of high-frequency signal lines. The main disadvantages of the protection characteristics of discharge tubes are their large discharge delay and less-than-ideal operating sensitivity, making it difficult to effectively suppress lightning waves with steep wavefront rise times. There is also a follow-current issue in the lightning protection of power systems. Commonly used gas discharge tubes include two-electrode and three-electrode discharge tubes. Their encapsulation housing material is mostly ceramic, hence they are called ceramic discharge tubes.

Effekta Regeltechnik electrical component principles

Microphones have evolved from initial resistive electro-acoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion. Many new microphone technologies have gradually developed, including aluminum ribbon moving-coil microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser microphones and electret microphones. The working principle of a moving-coil microphone involves sound waves causing a diaphragm to vibrate through the air. The electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm cuts through the magnetic field formed by the magnet surrounding the moving-coil microphone head, generating a weak fluctuating current. This current is transmitted to the amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving in the magnetic field. The ribbon is typically made of aluminum foil. To achieve an ideal resonant frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain a precise tension value. As a conductor and microphone diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between two magnetic pole faces. It vibrates according to the frequency of the incident sound wave, generating a certain voltage output at both ends of the ribbon. A condenser microphone has two metal plates; one surface is coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other plate is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET). A diode is connected between the gate and the source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone often uses polyfluoroethylene propylene, which offers good humidity performance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with very high internal signal impedance, a field-effect transistor must be used at its output to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

Effekta Regeltechnik electrical component classification

1. By application: pressure-sensitive and force-sensitive sensors, position sensors, level sensors, energy consumption sensors, speed sensors, acceleration sensors, radiation sensors, thermal sensors. 2. By principle: vibration sensors, humidity-sensitive sensors, magnetic-sensitive sensors, gas-sensitive sensors, vacuum degree sensors, biosensors, etc. 3. By output signal: (1) Analog sensors convert the measured non-electrical quantities into analog electrical signals. (2) Digital sensors: convert the measured non-electrical quantities into digital output signals (including direct and indirect conversion). (3) Pseudo-digital sensors: convert the measured signal quantity into frequency signals or short-period signal outputs (including direct or indirect conversion). (4) Switch sensors: when a measured signal reaches a specific threshold, the sensor correspondingly outputs a set low-level or high-level signal. 4. By manufacturing process: Integrated sensors are manufactured using standard production processes for silicon-based semiconductor integrated circuits. Usually, part of the circuit for preliminary processing of the measured signal is also integrated on the same chip. Thin-film sensors are formed by depositing thin films of corresponding sensitive materials on a dielectric substrate (base plate). When using hybrid processes, part of the circuit can also be fabricated on this substrate. Thick-film sensors are made by coating slurry of corresponding materials onto ceramic substrates, typically made of alumina, followed by heat treatment to form the thick film. Ceramic sensors are produced using standard ceramic processes or their variants (sol-gel, etc.). After appropriate preparatory operations, the formed elements are sintered at high temperatures. There are many common characteristics between thick-film and ceramic sensor processes; in some respects, the thick-film process can be considered a variant of the ceramic process. Each process technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is relatively reasonable to use ceramic and thick-film sensors due to the lower capital investment required for research, development, and production, as well as the high stability of sensor parameters. 5. By measurement purpose: Physical sensors are made using characteristics where certain physical properties of the measured substance undergo significant changes. Chemical sensors are made using sensitive elements that can convert chemical quantities such as the composition and concentration of chemical substances into electrical quantities. Biosensors are made using various biological or biomaterial characteristics to detect and identify chemical components in biological bodies. 6. By composition: (1) Basic sensors are the most fundamental single transformation devices. (2) Combined sensors are sensors composed of different single transformation devices. (3) Application-specific sensors are sensors composed of basic or combined sensors combined with other mechanisms. 11. By mode of action: Sensors can be divided into active and passive types based on their mode of action. Active sensors include acting and reaction types. Such sensors can emit a certain detection signal towards the object under test, detect changes produced by the detection signal in the object, or form a signal by generating a certain effect in the object via the detection signal. Those that detect changes in the detection signal are called acting type, while those that detect responses to form signals are called reaction type. Radar and radio frequency range detectors are examples of acting type, while photoacoustic effect analysis devices and laser analyzers are examples of reaction type. Passive sensors only receive signals generated by the object under test itself, such as infrared radiation thermometers and infrared imaging devices.

Effekta Regeltechnik electrical component parameters

The main characteristic parameters of quartz crystal resonators include nominal frequency, adjustment frequency deviation, temperature frequency deviation, equivalent resistance, drive level, load capacitance, static capacitance, aging rate, and temperature range. (1) Nominal frequency is the specified resonant center frequency of the resonator under prescribed conditions. (2) Adjustment frequency deviation is the maximum deviation of the operating frequency from the nominal frequency at the reference temperature under prescribed conditions. (3) Temperature frequency deviation is the allowable deviation from the operating frequency at the reference temperature over the entire operating temperature range under prescribed conditions. (4) Reference temperature is the specified ambient temperature when measuring quartz crystal resonator parameters. For constant-temperature quartz crystal resonators, it is generally the center point of the operating temperature range; (5) Load resonance resistance is the resistance value at the load resonance frequency when the quartz crystal resonator is connected in series with the specified external capacitance. (6) Drive level refers to the effective power consumed by the quartz crystal resonator during operation; it is a measure of the excitation state applied to the quartz crystal element. In actual use, the drive level can be adjusted. Strong excitation makes it easier to start oscillation, while weak excitation leads to poor frequency stability or even failure to oscillate. (7) Load capacitance refers to the effective external capacitance that, together with the quartz crystal resonator, determines the load resonance frequency. Load capacitance can be appropriately adjusted according to specific circumstances; generally, adjusting it allows tuning the resonator's operating frequency to the nominal value. (8) Static capacitance refers to the static capacitance between the two pins of the quartz crystal resonator. (9) Aging rate refers to the error caused by quartz crystal aging changes over time. (10) Temperature range refers to the allowable variation range of the ambient temperature during operation.

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