ELEKTROBRUNA electrical components Germany ELEKTROBRUNA model ELEKTROBRUNA price

ELEKTROBRUNA electrical components consist of wire wound turn by turn on an insulating tube. The wires are mutually insulated, and the insulating tube can be hollow or contain an iron core or magnetic powder core. An inductor coil is a device that operates based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When current flows through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field around the wire, and this electromagnetic field induces effects on the wire itself within the field range. The effect on the wire generating the electromagnetic field is called "self-inductance," i.e., the changing current produced by the wire itself generates a changing magnetic field, which further affects the current in the wire; the effect on other wires within this electromagnetic field range is called "mutual inductance." The electrical characteristics of an inductor coil are opposite to those of a capacitor: "passes low frequencies, blocks high frequencies." High-frequency signals encounter significant resistance when passing through an inductor coil and are difficult to pass; whereas the resistance presented to low-frequency signals is relatively small, meaning low-frequency signals can pass through more easily. The resistance of an inductor coil to direct current is almost zero. Resistance, capacitance, and inductance all present certain resistance to the flow of electrical signals in a circuit; this resistance is referred to as "impedance." The impedance presented by an inductor coil to current signals utilizes the coil's self-inductance. Inductor coils are sometimes abbreviated as "inductance" or "coil," represented by the letter "L." When winding an inductor coil, the number of turns wound is generally referred to as the coil's "number of turns."

ELEKTROBRUNA electrical component principles

A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that converts the chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidant directly into electrical energy isothermally according to electrochemical principles, specifically the working principle of a primary battery; thus, the actual process is an oxidation-reduction reaction. A fuel cell mainly consists of four parts: the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and external circuit. Fuel gas and oxidizing gas are introduced through the anode and cathode of the fuel cell, respectively. The fuel gas releases electrons at the anode; the electrons are conducted through the external circuit to the cathode, where they combine with the oxidizing gas to form ions. Under the action of the electric field, the ions migrate through the electrolyte to the anode, react with the fuel gas, complete the circuit, and generate current. Meanwhile, due to the electrochemical reaction itself and the internal resistance of the battery, the fuel cell also generates a certain amount of heat. In addition to conducting electrons, the cathode and anode of the battery also serve as catalysts for the oxidation-reduction reaction. When the fuel is a hydrocarbon, the anode requires higher catalytic activity. The cathode and anode are typically porous structures to facilitate the introduction of reactant gases and the discharge of products. The electrolyte serves to transmit ions and separate the fuel gas from the oxidizing gas. To prevent the mixing of the two gases, which would cause a short circuit within the battery, the electrolyte is typically a dense structure. The composition of a fuel cell is the same as that of a general battery. Its single cell consists of positive and negative electrodes (the negative electrode is the fuel electrode and the positive electrode is the oxidant electrode) and an electrolyte. The difference is that the active materials of a general battery are stored inside the battery, thus limiting the battery capacity. In contrast, the positive and negative electrodes of a fuel cell do not contain active materials themselves but are merely catalytic conversion elements. Therefore, a fuel cell is truly an energy conversion machine that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. During operation, fuel and oxidant are supplied externally to react. In principle, as long as reactants are continuously input and reaction products are continuously removed, the fuel cell can generate electricity continuously.

ELEKTROBRUNA electrical component parameters

1. Stable voltage refers to the stable voltage value generated across the terminals when the Zener diode passes the rated current. This value changes slightly with different operating currents and temperatures. Due to differences in manufacturing processes, the stable voltage values of Zener diodes of the same model are not completely consistent. 2. Reverse leakage current refers to the current value passing through the Zener diode when it generates a stable voltage. Below this value, although the Zener diode can still regulate voltage, the regulation effect will deteriorate; above this value, as long as the rated power dissipation is not exceeded, it is permissible, and the voltage regulation performance will be better, but it will consume more electrical energy. 3. Dynamic resistance refers to the ratio of the change in voltage across the Zener diode terminals to the change in current. This ratio changes with different operating currents; generally, the larger the operating current, the smaller the dynamic resistance. 4. Rated power dissipation is determined by the allowable temperature rise of the chip, and its value is the product of the stable voltage and the maximum allowable current. 5. The temperature coefficient means that if the temperature of the Zener diode changes, its stable voltage will also undergo slight changes. The relative change in voltage across the tube terminals caused by a temperature change of 1℃ is the temperature coefficient (unit: %/℃). Generally speaking, stable voltages below 6V belong to Zener breakdown, and the temperature coefficient is negative; the temperature coefficient is positive. When the temperature rises, the depletion layer decreases. In the depletion layer, the valence electrons of atoms rise to higher energy levels, and a smaller electric field strength can excite valence electrons from atoms to produce Zener breakdown; therefore, its temperature coefficient is negative. Avalanche breakdown occurs when the depletion layer is wider and the electric field strength is lower. An increase in temperature increases the vibration amplitude of lattice atoms, hindering the movement of carriers. In this case, only by increasing the reverse voltage can avalanche breakdown occur; therefore, the voltage temperature coefficient of avalanche breakdown is positive. For applications with high requirements for power supplies, two Zener diodes with opposite temperature coefficients can be connected in series for compensation. Due to mutual compensation, the temperature coefficient is greatly reduced. 15. Reverse leakage current refers to the leakage current generated by the Zener diode under the specified reverse voltage.

ELEKTROBRUNA electrical component structure

The commonly used thyristor is the unidirectional thyristor, also known as the ordinary thyristor. It is composed of four layers of semiconductor materials, has three PN junctions, and has three external electrodes: the electrode drawn from the first layer of P-type semiconductor is called the anode A, the electrode drawn from the third layer of P-type semiconductor is called the control gate G, and the electrode drawn from the fourth layer of N-type semiconductor is called the cathode K. As seen from the circuit symbol of the thyristor, like a diode, it is a unidirectional conductive device. The key difference is the addition of a control gate G, which gives it working characteristics completely different from those of a diode. The P1N1P2N2 four-layer three-terminal device, based on silicon monocrystal, is internationally known as the silicon crystal thyristor, abbreviated as thyristor T, because its characteristics are similar to those of a vacuum thyratron. Also, because thyristors were initially used in static rectification, they are also called silicon controlled rectifiers, abbreviated as SCR SCR. In terms of performance, the SCR not only has unidirectional conductivity but also possesses controllability that is more valuable than that of silicon rectifier elements (commonly known as "dead silicon"). It has only two states: conduction and cutoff. The SCR can control high-power electromechanical equipment with milliampere-level current. If this power is exceeded, the switching loss of the component increases significantly, and the allowable average current decreases; in this case, the nominal current should be derated. The SCR has many advantages, such as controlling high power with low power, with a power amplification factor reaching hundreds of thousands of times; extremely fast response, turning on and off within microseconds; contactless operation, no sparks, no noise; high efficiency, low cost, etc. Weaknesses of the SCR: poor static and dynamic overload capability; prone to mis-triggering due to interference. SCRs are mainly classified by appearance into: bolt type, flat plate type, and flat bottom type. Structure of SCR components. Regardless of the shape of the SCR, their cores are composed of four-layer P1N1P2N2 structures made of P-type silicon and N-type silicon. It has three PN junctions (J1, J2, J3). The anode A is drawn from the P1 layer of the J1 structure, the cathode K is drawn from the N2 layer, and the control gate G is drawn from the P6 layer, so it is a four-layer three-terminal semiconductor device.

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