ELEKTROLUMEN electrical components German ELEKTROLUMEN models ELEKTROLUMEN prices

ELEKTROLUMEN electrical components are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals. Their operating principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy when light strikes certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is classified into three categories: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed.

ELEKTROLUMEN electrical component features

Mercury switches achieve switching by moving mercury enclosed in a glass or metal housing. Therefore, compared with mechanical switches, mercury switches have many characteristics: (1) Can be used in harsh environmental conditions. Since the mercury switch is sealed, the internal mercury is isolated from the outside, allowing it to be used in environments with oil, steam, dust, and corrosive gases. (2) Requires small external force for switching. Mercury is the only metal that remains liquid at room temperature; it has high surface tension and specific gravity. A slight tilt caused by minimal external force moves the mercury, enabling the switch to open or close. (3) Mercury has good conductivity, and the contact resistance between the electrodes of a mercury switch is generally very low. (4) The current allowed through a mercury switch depends on the electrode material. (5) Since the switching action of a mercury switch is determined by the gravity of the mercury, it can operate reliably over long periods. (6) The electrode contacts are liquid, producing no noise. (7) Since mercury can flow, the mercury switch can open or close as long as the acceleration exceeds a set value, making it suitable as a vibration-sensitive element. (8) Small size, diverse forms, and fully sealed construction. (9) Simple structure and low price. (10) High quality and premium products, suitable for beginners.

ELEKTROLUMEN electrical component characteristics

Common types include RC phase-shift bridge trigger circuits, unijunction transistor trigger circuits, bipolar junction transistor trigger circuits, and trigger circuits that use small thyristors to trigger large thyristors, among others. The main parameters of thyristors are: 1 Rated on-state average current IT Under specified conditions, the average value of the 50 Hz sinusoidal half-wave current that can continuously pass between the anode and cathode. 2 Forward blocking peak voltage VPF With the gate open and no trigger signal applied, and before the forward anode voltage exceeds the turn-on voltage, this is the repetitive forward peak voltage that can be applied across the thyristor. The forward peak voltage withstanded by the thyristor must not exceed this parameter value given in the manual. 3 Reverse blocking peak voltage VPR When reverse voltage is applied to the thyristor and it is in the reverse blocking state, this is the repetitive reverse peak voltage that can be applied across the thyristor. During use, this parameter value given in the manual must not be exceeded. 4 Trigger voltage VGT At the specified ambient temperature, with a certain voltage applied between the anode and cathode, this is the minimum gate current and voltage required to switch the thyristor from the off state to the on state. 15 Holding current IH At the specified temperature, with the gate circuit open, this is the minimum anode forward current required to maintain the thyristor in the conducting state. Many new types of thyristor components have been introduced, such as fast thyristors suitable for high-frequency applications, bidirectional thyristors that can conduct in both directions controlled by positive or negative trigger signals, and thyristors that can be turned on by a positive trigger signal and turned off by a negative trigger signal.

ELEKTROLUMEN electrical component principles

Bipolar junction transistors are classified into two types by material: germanium transistors and silicon transistors. Each type has two structural configurations: NPN and PNP. However, the most commonly used are silicon NPN and germanium PNP transistors. (Here, N stands for negative; N-type semiconductors are formed by adding phosphorus to high-purity silicon to replace some silicon atoms, generating free electrons for conduction under voltage stimulation. P stands for positive, meaning boron is added to replace silicon, creating numerous holes to facilitate conduction.) Apart from the difference in power supply polarity, their operating principles are identical. The following describes only the current amplification principle of NPN silicon transistors. An NPN transistor consists of 5 pieces of N-type semiconductor sandwiching one piece of P-type semiconductor. The PN junction formed between the emitter region and the base region is called the emitter junction, and the PN junction formed between the collector region and the base region is called the collector junction. The three leads are called the emitter e, base b, and collector c. When the potential at point b is a few tenths of a volt higher than that at point e, the emitter junction is forward-biased. When the potential at point C is several volts higher than that at point b, the collector junction is reverse-biased, and the collector power supply Ec must be higher than the base power supply Eb. During transistor manufacturing, the majority carrier concentration in the emitter region is intentionally made higher than that in the base region. The base region is made very thin, and impurity content is strictly controlled. Thus, once power is applied, because the emitter junction is forward-biased, the majority carriers in the emitter region (electrons) and the majority carriers in the base region (holes) easily diffuse across the emitter junction toward each other. However, since the former concentration is much greater than the latter, the current through the emitter junction is essentially an electron flow, known as the emitter electron current.

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