ELPLASTHK electrical components Germany ELPLASTHK model ELPLASTHK price

ELPLASTHK electrical components are sensor resistors whose resistance changes with temperature. According to different temperature coefficients, they are divided into positive temperature coefficient thermistors and negative temperature coefficient thermistors. The resistance of a positive temperature coefficient thermistor increases as the temperature rises, while the resistance of a negative temperature coefficient thermistor decreases as the temperature rises; both belong to semiconductor devices.

ELPLASTHK electrical component characteristics

The main parameters characterizing resistor properties include nominal resistance and its tolerance, rated power, load characteristics, and resistance temperature coefficient. Load characteristics: When the ambient operating temperature is below tR, the resistor must not be used beyond its rated power; when it exceeds tR, the load power must be reduced. Each type of resistor has specified load characteristics. In addition, the allowable load can be correspondingly reduced under low atmospheric pressure. Under pulse load conditions, the average pulse power is far lower than the rated power, and separate specifications usually apply. Within the specified ambient temperature range, the average relative change in resistance for every 11 °C change in temperature is expressed in ppm/°C. In addition to the above parameters, other technical indicators include nonlinearity (the degree to which the current-voltage characteristic deviates from a linear relationship), voltage coefficient (the relative rate of change in resistance per volt change in applied voltage), current noise (the ratio of the RMS value of the noise potential generated by current flow within the resistor body to the test voltage, expressed by the current noise index), high-frequency characteristics (the curve showing the decrease in resistance with increasing operating frequency due to the influence of distributed capacitance and inductance within the resistor body), and long-term stability (the process of irreversible change in resistance caused by environmental conditions during long-term use or storage).

ELPLASTHK electrical component principle

Based on different application purposes, various types of thermometers have been designed and manufactured. The design principles include: utilizing the thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under temperature influence; the change in pressure of gas (or vapor) at constant volume due to temperature differences; the thermoelectric effect; the variation of electrical resistance with temperature; and the influence of thermal radiation. 1. Gas thermometers: Hydrogen or helium is often used as the temperature-sensing medium because their liquefaction temperatures are very low, close to absolute zero, resulting in a wide measurement range. These thermometers offer high accuracy and are mostly used for precision measurements. 2. Resistance thermometers: Classified into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are made based on the characteristic that electrical resistance changes with temperature. Metal thermometers mainly use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze alloys; semiconductor thermometers mainly use carbon, germanium, etc. Resistance thermometers are convenient and reliable, and have been widely applied. 3. Thermocouple thermometers: A type of temperature-measuring instrument widely used in industry. Made using the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the measuring junction, while the other ends are connected to a measuring instrument to form a circuit. When the measuring junction is placed at the temperature to be measured, a difference in temperature between the measuring junction and the reference junction generates an electromotive force, causing current to flow through the loop. By measuring electrical quantities and knowing the temperature at one point, the temperature at the other point can be determined. It is suitable for applications involving significant temperature differences between two substances and is often used for high-temperature and low-temperature measurements. 4. Dial thermometers: These are dashboard-shaped thermometers, also known as room thermometers, used to measure ambient temperature. They are made based on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. They use a bimetallic strip as the temperature-sensing element to control the pointer. The bimetallic strip is typically made by riveting a copper strip and an iron strip together, with the copper strip on the left and the iron strip on the right. Since copper exhibits significantly more thermal expansion and contraction than iron, when the temperature rises, the copper strip pulls the iron strip to bend to the right, causing the pointer to deflect to the right (indicating high temperature) driven by the bimetallic strip; conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer deflects to the left driven by the bimetallic strip. 5. Glass tube thermometers: Glass tube thermometers utilize the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to measure temperature. Due to differences in the expansion coefficients, boiling points, and freezing points of the temperature-sensing media, common glass tube thermometers mainly include: kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red ink thermometers. Their advantages are simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low cost. The disadvantages are that the measurement limits and accuracy are limited by the quality of the glass and the properties of the temperature-sensing medium. Additionally, they cannot transmit signals over long distances and are fragile. 6. Pressure thermometers: Pressure thermometers use the volume expansion or pressure change of liquid, gas, or saturated vapor in a sealed container upon heating as the measurement signal. Its basic structure consists of three parts: a temperature bulb, a capillary tube, and an indicator gauge. The advantages of pressure thermometers are: simple structure, high mechanical strength, and resistance to vibration. They are low-cost and do not require external power. The disadvantages are: limited temperature measurement range; significant heat loss and slow response time. 11. Mercury thermometers are a type of expansion thermometer and can only serve as local monitoring instruments. Using them to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive but also avoids the errors associated with remote transmission thermometers.

ELPLASTHK electrical component principle

The Hall voltage changes with the magnetic field strength; the stronger the magnetic field, the higher the voltage, and the weaker the magnetic field, the lower the voltage. The Hall voltage value is very small, usually only a few millivolts, but after being amplified by the amplifier in the integrated circuit, the voltage can be amplified enough to output a stronger signal. To make the Hall integrated circuit act as a sensor, mechanical methods are needed to change the magnetic field strength. A rotating impeller is used as a switch to control magnetic flux. When the impeller blades are in the air gap between the magnet and the Hall integrated circuit, the magnetic field deviates from the integrated chip, and the Hall voltage disappears. In this way, the change in the output voltage of the Hall integrated circuit can indicate a certain position of the impeller drive shaft. Using this working principle, the Hall integrated circuit chip can be used as an ignition timing sensor. Hall effect sensors belong to passive sensors; they require an external power supply to work. This characteristic enables them to detect low-speed operation conditions.

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