EMB Wittlich electrical components German EMB Wittlich models EMB Wittlich prices

EMB Wittlich electrical components are electronic devices made from semiconductor materials (silicon, selenium, germanium, etc.). A diode has two electrodes: the positive electrode, also called the anode, and the negative electrode, also called the cathode. When a forward voltage is applied across the two terminals of the diode, it conducts; when a reverse voltage is applied, it blocks. The conduction and blocking of a diode are equivalent to the closing and opening of a switch. A diode has unidirectional conductivity; when conducting, current flows from the anode through the device to the cathode. The diode is one of the earliest semiconductor devices developed, and its applications are very widespread. Particularly in various electronic circuits, reasonable connections using diodes together with resistors, capacitors, inductors, and other components form circuits with different functions, enabling AC rectification, demodulation of modulated signals, limiting and clamping, and voltage regulation of power supplies.

EMB Wittlich electrical component performance

(1) Electromotive force: Electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the two electrodes. (2) Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated based on the amount of active material in the electrode reaction equation and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions within the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of a battery is often lower than its theoretical capacity. (3) Rated voltage: The typical operating voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as the nominal voltage. It serves as a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual operating voltage of a battery equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes under different usage conditions. It depends only on the type of electrode active material, not on the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain formation films caused by electrode reactions can cause minor voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of these fluctuations is small, but the frequency range is wide, allowing them to be distinguished from self-excited noise in circuits. (4) Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the electrode potential of the positive electrode and that of the negative electrode when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows through the two terminals). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is denoted by V. Generally, the open-circuit voltage of a battery is less than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two terminals in the electrolyte solution are usually not equilibrium electrode potentials but stable electrode potentials. It can generally be approximated that the open-circuit voltage of a battery is its electromotive force. (5) Internal resistance: The internal resistance of a battery refers to the resistance encountered when current flows through the interior of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance; polarization internal resistance further includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the presence of internal resistance, the operating voltage of a battery is always less than its electromotive force or open-circuit voltage. The internal resistance of a battery is not constant; it changes continuously over time (gradually increasing) during charging and discharging because the composition of active materials, the concentration of the electrolyte, and the temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law. Polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but the relationship is not linear; it typically increases as current density increases. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance, directly affecting the battery's operating voltage, operating current, output energy, and power. For a battery, the smaller the internal resistance, the better. (6) Impedance: Batteries have a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so a battery can be modeled as a series circuit consisting of a large capacitor, a small resistor, and an inductor. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since battery impedance varies with time and DC level. The measured impedance is valid only for the specific measurement state. (7) Charge/discharge rate: There are two representation methods: hour rate and C-rate. The hour rate expresses the charge/discharge rate in terms of charge/discharge time; numerically, it equals the battery's rated capacity (ampere-hours) divided by the specified charge/discharge current (amperes), resulting in hours. The C-rate is another way to express the charge/discharge rate, and its value is the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of a primary battery is expressed by the time it takes to discharge through a fixed resistor to the cutoff voltage. The discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. (8) Service life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture until initial use, measured in years. The total period, including both the storage period and the service period, is called the battery's shelf life. The storage life of batteries is categorized into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the test protocol for charge/discharge cycling must also be defined, including charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge, and ambient temperature ranges. (9) Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity spontaneously during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge per unit of storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

EMB Wittlich electrical component types

In different application scenarios, the purpose of using varistors differs, and the voltage/current applied to the varistor will not be the same; therefore, the requirements for the varistor also differ. Distinguishing these differences is crucial for correct usage. Based on the application purpose, varistors can be divided into two main categories: (1) protection varistors and (2) circuit function varistors. Protection resistors: (1) Distinguish whether it is a varistor for power supply protection or for signal/data line protection, as they must meet different technical standard requirements. (2) Based on the different continuous operating voltages applied to the varistor, varistors used across power lines can be classified into AC types or DC types; varistors exhibit different aging characteristics under these two voltage stresses. (3) Based on the different abnormal overvoltage characteristics withstand by the varistor, varistors can be classified into three types: surge suppression type, high-power type, and high-energy type. 1. Surge suppression varistors refer to varistors used to suppress transient overvoltages such as lightning overvoltages and switching overvoltages. The occurrence of such transient overvoltages is random and non-periodic, and the peak current and voltage values can be very high. The vast majority of varistors belong to this category. 2. High-power varistors refer to varistors used to absorb continuous pulse groups that occur periodically, such as varistors connected in parallel to switching power supply converters. Here, impulse voltages occur periodically with a known period, and the energy value can generally be calculated. Although the peak voltage is not very high, the average power is considerable due to the high frequency of occurrence. 10. High-energy varistors refer to varistors used to absorb magnetic energy from large inductive coils such as generator excitation coils and lifting electromagnet coils. For these applications, the main technical indicator is energy absorption capability. In most application scenarios, the protective function of varistors can act repeatedly multiple times, but sometimes they are designed as "one-time" protective devices similar to current fuses. For example, varistors with short-circuit contacts connected in parallel to the loads of certain current transformers.

EMB Wittlich electrical component classification

Thyristors have multiple classification methods: (1) Classification by turn-off, turn-on, and control methods: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors, bidirectional thyristors, reverse-conducting thyristors, gate-turn-off thyristors, BTG thyristors, temperature-controlled thyristors, and light-controlled thyristors, among others, based on their turn-off, turn-on, and control methods. (2) Classification by pins and polarity: Thyristors can be divided into two-terminal thyristors, three-terminal thyristors, and four-terminal thyristors based on their pins and polarity. (3) Classification by package type: Thyristors can be divided into three types based on their package type: metal-packaged thyristors, plastic-packaged thyristors, and ceramic-packaged thyristors. Among these, metal-packaged thyristors are further divided into bolt-type, flat-type, and round-case types, among others. Plastic-packaged thyristors are divided into two types: with heat sink and without heat sink. (4) Classification by current capacity: Thyristors can be divided into three types based on current capacity: high-power thyristors, medium-power thyristors, and low-power thyristors. Typically, high-power thyristors mostly use metal case packaging, while medium- and low-power thyristors mostly use plastic or ceramic packaging. (5) Classification by turn-off speed: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors and high-frequency (fast) thyristors based on their turn-off speed. (6) Zero-crossing triggering - generally used for power regulation, i.e., triggering occurs when the phase of the sinusoidal AC voltage crosses zero. Triggering must occur at the zero-crossing point to turn on the thyristor. (7) Non-zero-crossing triggering - the thyristor can be triggered to turn on regardless of the phase of the AC voltage. Commonly, this is phase-shift triggering, i.e., changing the output percentage by altering the conduction angle (phase angle) of the sinusoidal AC voltage.

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