EMKO electrical components, German EMKO models, EMKO prices

EMKO electrical components are constituent parts of electronic components and small machines and instruments. They often consist of several parts and are interchangeable within similar products. The term commonly refers to certain parts in the electrical appliance, radio, and instrumentation industries, serving as a general term for electronic devices such as capacitors, transistors, hairsprings, and mainsprings. Common examples include diodes. Electronic components include: resistors, capacitors, inductors, potentiometers, electron tubes, heat sinks, electromechanical components, connectors, discrete semiconductor devices, electroacoustic devices, laser devices, electronic display devices, optoelectronic devices, sensors, power supplies, switches, micro special motors, electronic transformers, relays, printed circuit boards, integrated circuits, various circuits, piezoelectric materials, crystals, quartz, ceramic magnetic materials, base substrates for printed circuits, specialized materials for electronic functional processes, electronic adhesive (tape) products, electronic chemical materials and parts, etc.

EMKO electrical component parameters

1. Voltage temperature coefficient: Refers to the rate of change of the nominal voltage of a varistor within a specified temperature range, i.e., the relative change in voltage across the varistor when the temperature changes while the current through the varistor remains constant. 2. Current temperature coefficient: Refers to the relative change in current flowing through the varistor when the temperature changes while the voltage across the varistor remains constant. 3. Nominal voltage: Refers to the voltage value across the varistor when DC current flows through it. 4. Voltage ratio: Refers to the ratio of the voltage generated by the current in the varistor to the voltage generated by the current in the varistor. 5. Maximum limiting voltage: Refers to the highest voltage value that can be withstand across the varistor. 6. Leakage current: Also known as standby current, it refers to the current flowing through the varistor under specified temperature and maximum DC voltage conditions. 7. Residual voltage ratio: When the current through the varistor is at a certain value, the voltage generated across it is called the residual voltage for that current value. The residual voltage ratio is the ratio of the residual voltage to the nominal voltage. 8. Surge current capacity: Also known as surge current, it refers to the maximum pulse (peak) current value allowed to pass through the varistor under specified conditions (specified time intervals and number of occurrences, applying standard impulse current). 9. Static capacitance: Refers to the inherent capacitance of the varistor itself. 10. Insulation resistance: Refers to the resistance value between the leads (pins) of the varistor and the insulated surface of the resistive body. 11. Voltage nonlinearity coefficient: Refers to the ratio of the static resistance value to the dynamic resistance value of the varistor under a given applied voltage.

EMKO electrical component parameters

The main characteristic parameters of quartz crystal resonators include nominal frequency, adjustment tolerance, temperature frequency tolerance, equivalent resistance, drive level, load capacitance, static capacitance, aging rate, and temperature range. (1) Nominal frequency is the specified center resonance frequency of the resonator under specified conditions. (2) Adjustment tolerance is the maximum deviation of the operating frequency from the nominal frequency at the reference temperature under specified conditions. (3) Temperature frequency tolerance is the allowable deviation from the operating frequency at the reference temperature over the entire operating temperature range under specified conditions. (4) Reference temperature is the specified ambient temperature when measuring quartz crystal resonator parameters. For oven-controlled quartz crystal resonators, it is generally the center point of the operating temperature range; (5) Load resonance resistance is the resistance value at the load resonance frequency when the quartz crystal resonator is connected in series with a specified external capacitance. (6) Drive level refers to the effective power consumed by the quartz crystal resonator during operation; it is a measure of the excitation state applied to the quartz crystal element. In actual use, the drive level can be adjusted; strong excitation facilitates oscillation startup, while weak excitation leads to poor frequency stability or even failure to oscillate. (7) Load capacitance refers to the effective external capacitance that, together with the quartz crystal resonator, determines the load resonance frequency. Load capacitance can be appropriately adjusted according to specific conditions; generally, adjusting it allows tuning the resonator's operating frequency to the nominal value. (8) Static capacitance refers to the static capacitance between the two pins of the quartz crystal resonator. (9) Aging rate refers to the error caused by quartz crystal aging changes over time. (10) Temperature range refers to the allowable variation range of the ambient temperature during operation.

EMKO electrical component principles

When high-frequency current flows through a conductor, an electric field and a magnetic field are generated in the surrounding space. According to the distribution characteristics of the electromagnetic field in space, it can be divided into the near field, intermediate field, and far field. Let R be the distance from a point in space to the conductor. The region where R << λ/2π is called the near field, where the electromagnetic field is closely related to the current and voltage in the conductor. The region where R >> λ/2π is called the far field, where the electromagnetic field can propagate away from the conductor into space. Its changes lag behind the current and voltage on the conductor by a certain period, and the propagated electromagnetic waves are no longer directly related to the current and voltage on the wire. The electromagnetic field in this region is called the radiation field. It must be pointed out that when the length of the wire L is much smaller than the wavelength λ, radiation is very weak; when the length of the wire L increases to be comparable to the wavelength, the current on the wire increases significantly, thereby forming stronger radiation. Transmitting antennas utilize this property of the radiation field to fully radiate transmitted signals into space after they pass through the transmitting antenna. How can a conductor become an effective radiating system? Here we first analyze the situation on a transmission line. On a parallel two-wire transmission line, to ensure only energy transmission without radiation, the structure of the two wires must be symmetric, the current magnitude at corresponding points on the wires must be equal and opposite in direction, and the distance between the two wires< π. To effectively radiate the electromagnetic field, this symmetry of the transmission line must be broken. Methods such as separating the two conductors at a certain angle or removing one side can break the conductor symmetry and produce radiation. If the open-circuit transmission line or the conductor at a distance of π/4 from the terminal is split straight, the current on the terminal conductor becomes in-phase rather than anti-phase, causing the radiation fields from this conductor segment to add up in phase at spatial points, forming an effective radiation system. This is the simplest and most basic unit antenna, called a half-wave dipole antenna, with a characteristic impedance of 83 Ω. After electromagnetic waves are radiated from the transmitting antenna, they propagate in all directions. If a symmetric dipole is placed in the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation, an induced electromotive force will be generated on the antenna dipole under the action of the electromagnetic wave. If the antenna is connected to receiving equipment at this time, high-frequency current will be generated at the input end of the receiving equipment. Thus, the antenna acts as a receiver, converting electromagnetic waves into high-frequency current; in other words, the antenna functions as a receiving antenna. The quality of reception depends not only on the strength of the radio waves but also on the directivity of the antenna and the matching between the half-wave symmetric dipole and the receiving equipment.

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