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FACOM electrical component is a transducer that converts changes in magnetic field into changes in output voltage. Hall sensors are primarily used for measuring magnetic fields, and can also measure physical quantities that generate or affect magnetic fields, such as in proximity switches, Hall effect devices, position measurement, speed measurement, and current measurement equipment. In its simplest form, the sensor acts as an analog transducer, directly returning a voltage. Under a known magnetic field, its distance from the Hall plate can be set. Using multiple sensors, the relative position of the magnet can be inferred. Current through a conductor produces a magnetic field that varies with the current, and Hall effect sensors can measure current without interfering with it. A typical construction integrates the sensor with a wound magnetic core or a permanent magnet beside the conductor under test. Usually, Hall effect sensors are connected to circuits, allowing the device to operate in digital (on/off) mode, in which case they may be referred to as switches. Industrial equipment such as cylinders is also used in everyday devices; for example, some printers use them to monitor paper-out and open-cover conditions. When high reliability is required for keyboards, Hall sensors are designed into the keys. Hall effect sensors are commonly used to measure wheel and shaft speeds, for example in internal combustion engine ignition timing or tachometers. They are used in brushless DC motors to detect the position of permanent magnets. A wheel equipped with two equidistant magnets causes the voltage on the sensor to peak twice per cycle; this setup is often used to calibrate the speed of disk drives.

FACOM electrical component principle

The construction of a mercury switch is simple. It consists of a sealed cylindrical insulating housing containing approximately one-fifth mercury. Two wires led out from inside are fixed at one end of the housing. This constitutes a mercury switch. Due to gravity, the mercury bead flows to the lower part of the container; if it simultaneously contacts both electrodes, the switch closes the circuit, turning the switch on. The shape of the container also affects the conditions under which the mercury bead contacts the electrodes.

FACOM electrical component function

To obtain information from the external environment, people must rely on sensory organs. However, human sensory organs alone are far insufficient for studying natural phenomena and laws, as well as for production activities. To address this, sensors are required. Thus, sensors can be described as an extension of the human five senses, also known as electronic senses. With the advent of the new technological revolution, the world has entered the information age. In utilizing information, the primary challenge is acquiring accurate and reliable data, and sensors are the main means and approach for obtaining information in natural and production domains. In modern industrial production, especially in automated processes, various sensors are used to monitor and control parameters throughout the production process, ensuring equipment operates in normal or optimal states and achieving the best product quality. Therefore, it can be said that without numerous high-quality sensors, modern production would lack its foundation. In basic scientific research, sensors hold a particularly prominent position. The development of modern science and technology has entered many new fields: for example, observing the vast universe over thousands of light-years on the macroscopic scale, observing the particle world as small as fm on the microscopic scale, observing celestial evolution over hundreds of thousands of years in the longitudinal dimension, and instantaneous reactions as short as s. In addition, various extreme technologies have emerged that play an important role in deepening understanding of matter and exploring new energy sources and new materials, such as ultra-high temperature, ultra-low temperature, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high vacuum, ultra-strong magnetic fields, and ultra-weak magnetic fields. Clearly, it is impossible to obtain large amounts of information that human senses cannot directly access without appropriate sensors. Many obstacles in basic scientific research stem first from difficulties in acquiring object information, and the emergence of new mechanisms and high-sensitivity detection sensors often leads to breakthroughs in these fields. The development of some sensors often pioneers the exploration of interdisciplinary subjects. Sensors have long penetrated extremely broad fields such as industrial production, space development, ocean exploration, environmental protection, resource surveying, medical diagnosis, bioengineering, and even cultural relic conservation. It is no exaggeration to say that from outer space to the vast oceans, and even various complex engineering systems, almost every modern project relies on various types of sensors.

FACOM electrical component applications

Thermistors can also serve as electronic circuit components for temperature compensation in instrument circuits and cold-junction temperature compensation for thermocouples. Utilizing the self-heating characteristics of NTC thermistors enables automatic gain control, forming RC oscillator amplitude-stabilization circuits, delay circuits, and protection circuits. When the self-heating temperature is much higher than the ambient temperature, the resistance is also related to the heat dissipation conditions of the environment; therefore, this characteristic of thermistors is often utilized in anemometers, flow meters, gas analyzers, and thermal conductivity analysis to create specialized detection elements. PTC thermistors are mainly used for overheat protection of electrical equipment, contactless relays, constant temperature control, automatic gain control, motor starting, time delay, automatic degaussing in color televisions, fire alarms, and temperature compensation. Main disadvantages: (1) severe nonlinearity in the relationship between resistance and temperature; (2) poor consistency and interchangeability of components; (3) components are prone to aging and have relatively poor stability; (4) except for special high-temperature thermistors, most thermistors are only suitable for the 0 to 152 °C range, which must be noted during use.

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