felder electrical components Germany felder model felder price

felder electrical component is a sensor resistor whose resistance value changes with temperature. According to different temperature coefficients, it is divided into positive temperature coefficient thermistors and negative temperature coefficient thermistors. The resistance value of a positive temperature coefficient thermistor increases as the temperature rises, while the resistance value of a negative temperature coefficient thermistor decreases as the temperature rises; both belong to semiconductor devices.

felder electrical component principle

A crystal diode is a p-n junction formed by p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor, where space charge layers are formed on both sides of the interface, and a built-in electric field is established. When no external voltage is applied, the diffusion current caused by the carrier concentration difference across the p-n junction equals the drift current caused by the built-in electric field, resulting in an electrical equilibrium state. When a forward voltage bias is applied externally, the mutual cancellation between the external electric field and the built-in electric field increases the diffusion current of carriers, causing a forward current. When a reverse voltage bias is applied externally, the external electric field and the built-in electric field are further strengthened, forming a reverse saturation current within a certain reverse voltage range that is independent of the reverse bias voltage value. When the applied reverse voltage reaches a certain level, the electric field strength in the space charge layer of the p-n junction reaches a critical value, causing a carrier multiplication process that generates a large number of electron-hole pairs, resulting in a significant reverse breakdown current, known as the diode breakdown phenomenon.

felder electrical component classification

An inductor generates a magnetic field around the coil when current flows through it. When the current in the coil changes, the surrounding magnetic field changes accordingly, and this changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (induced EMF) in the coil itself (EMF represents the terminal voltage of an ideal power source for active components); this is self-inductance. An electronic component made by winding wire with a specific number of turns, capable of producing a certain amount of self-inductance or mutual inductance, is commonly called an inductor coil. To increase inductance, improve the quality factor, and reduce volume, iron cores or magnetic cores made of ferromagnetic materials are often added. Basic parameters of inductors include inductance, quality factor, inherent capacitance, stability, rated current, and operating frequency. An inductor composed of a single coil is called a self-inductor, and its self-inductance is also referred to as the self-inductance coefficient. Mutual inductance occurs when two inductor coils are close to each other; the magnetic field change in one coil affects the other. This effect is called mutual inductance. The magnitude of mutual inductance depends on the self-inductance of the coils and the degree of coupling between them. Components manufactured using this principle are called mutual inductors.

felder electrical component function

Photoelectric switches can be used in various application scenarios. Avoid strong light sources; photoelectric switches generally operate stably under high ambient illumination. However, avoid aligning the sensor's optical axis directly with strong light sources such as sunlight or incandescent lamps. If the angle between the sensor (receiver) optical axis and the strong light source cannot be changed, install shading plates around the top of the sensor or use a long shading tube. To prevent mutual interference, new photoelectric switches usually have automatic anti-interference functions, so mutual interference is not a concern. However, for HGK series through-beam infrared photoelectric switches installed close together in several groups, adjacent group interference should be prevented. The most effective way to prevent this interference is to cross-set the transmitters and receivers, and when exceeding 10 groups, increase the distance between groups. Of course, using models with different operating frequencies is also a good solution. For retro-reflective photoelectric switches, an effective way to prevent mutual interference is to increase the spacing. Moreover, the greater the detection distance, the larger the spacing should be; the specific spacing should be determined based on debugging conditions. Naturally, using models with different operating frequencies is also an option. Influence of mirror angle: When the detected object is glossy or encounters a smooth metal surface, the reflectivity is generally very high, acting like a mirror. Adjust the installation so that the optical axis is not perpendicular to the detected object to prevent malfunction. Eliminating background influence: When using retro-reflective diffuse transmitters and receivers, unstable detection may occur if the detected object is close to the background, or if the photoelectric switch or background is a smooth object with high reflectivity. Therefore, you can switch to distance-limited transmitters and receivers, or eliminate the issue by moving away from the background, removing the background, painting the background matte black, or making the background rough and dark. Use of self-diagnosis function: During installation or use, minor issues such as slight optical axis deviation, lens contamination, dust accumulation, external noise, or out-of-range ambient temperature may occur due to table or background influences and vibration. These problems may cause the photoelectric switch to deviate from the stable operating zone. In such cases, the self-diagnosis function of the photoelectric switch can be utilized to trigger the green stable indicator light, alerting the user to make timely adjustments.

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