Felten-Guilleaume electrical components Germany Felten-Guilleaume model Felten-Guilleaume price

Felten-Guilleaume electrical components refer to devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of part of the space in cups, tanks, or other containers or composite vessels holding electrolyte solutions and metal electrodes to generate current. They have distinct positive and negative poles. With technological advancements, batteries generally refer to small devices capable of generating electrical energy, such as solar cells. Key performance parameters of batteries include electromotive force, capacity, specific energy, and resistance. Using batteries as an energy source provides stable voltage, stable current, and long-term stable power supply with minimal external influence. Batteries feature a simple structure, are portable, and offer easy charging and discharging operations. They are unaffected by external climate and temperature, ensuring stable and reliable performance, and play a significant role in various aspects of modern social life.

Felten-Guilleaume electrical component structure

1. Liquid crystal panel: The liquid crystal panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective film, common electrodes, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism layer, and light-diffusing layer. The polarizing film is also known as a polarizer; polarizers are divided into upper and lower polarizers. The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other. They act like a fence, blocking light wave components as required—for example, blocking light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence while allowing only light wave components parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into an upper substrate and a lower substrate. Their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is generally alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate is distributed with TFT, while the other glass substrate is deposited with color filters. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses highly light-blocking materials to separate the red, green, and blue primary colors in the color filters (to prevent color mixing) and to prevent light leakage, thereby helping to improve the contrast of each color block. Additionally, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. Color filters, also known as color filter films, function to generate 3 primary colors of light (red, green, and blue), enabling full-color display on the liquid crystal display. 4. Alignment film: The alignment film, also known as an orientation film or alignment layer, functions to ensure that liquid crystal molecules are uniformly arranged and oriented at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrodes: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrodes and the common electrodes. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: In LCD, the liquid crystal material acts like a light valve, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, and other parameters of the potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the liquid crystal panel. In liquid crystal panels, active-matrix liquid crystal displays are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. The upper glass substrate (closer to the display screen) is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) tricolor filters (also known as color filter films), a black matrix, and common transparent electrodes. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment films (or alignment layers) are prepared on the inner sides of the two glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, and spacers are distributed to ensure uniform gap thickness. The periphery is bonded with frame sealant for sealing purposes, and the common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using silver dot adhesive technology. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrodes and the common transparent electrodes, the arrangement state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. Consequently, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes. Liquid crystal displays leverage the optical rotatory power of the liquid crystal material combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices; they do not possess inherent light-emitting characteristics and must rely on light emission from the source in the backlight module to achieve display performance. Therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the liquid crystal panel. The backlight module includes illumination light sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffusion sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. Backlight modules used in LCD are mainly categorized into edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) primarily use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module light sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the main backlights for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as a reflection cover, mainly functions to direct all light emitted by the light source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to guide light from the side light source toward the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as a brightness enhancement film, mainly functions to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total internal reflection within the film layer, directing it at specific angles out from the backlight source to enhance screen brightness.21. Diffuser sheet: The main function of the diffuser sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source to achieve optical diffusion. Diffuser sheets are divided into upper and lower diffuser sheets. The upper diffuser sheet is located between the prism sheet and the LCD assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffuser sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

Felten-Guilleaume electrical component structure

The structure and materials of new high-voltage Schottky diodes differ from traditional Schottky diodes. Traditional Schottky diodes are formed by metal-semiconductor contact. Metals such as aluminum, gold, molybdenum, nickel, and titanium can be used, while the semiconductor is typically silicon or gallium arsenide. Since electrons have higher mobility than holes, N-type semiconductor material is selected as the substrate to achieve good frequency characteristics. To reduce the junction capacitance of the Schottky diode and increase the reverse breakdown voltage without causing excessive series resistance, a high-resistance N- thin layer is typically epitaxially grown on an N+ substrate. It is well known that metal conductors contain a large number of conduction electrons. When metal contacts a semiconductor (with a distance on the order of atomic size), the Fermi level of the metal is lower than that of the semiconductor. At the energy levels corresponding to the conduction band of the semiconductor within the metal, the electron density is lower than that in the semiconductor's conduction band. Therefore, upon contact, electrons diffuse from the semiconductor to the metal, causing the metal to become negatively charged and the semiconductor positively charged. Since metal is an ideal conductor, the negative charge is distributed only within a thin layer on the surface, on the order of atomic size. For N-type semiconductors, the donor impurity atoms that lose electrons become positive ions and are distributed over a larger thickness. The result of electron diffusion from the semiconductor to the metal forms a space charge region, a built-in electric field, and a barrier, with the depletion layer existing only on the N-type semiconductor side (the barrier region falls entirely on the semiconductor side). The direction of the built-in electric field in the barrier region points from the N-type region to the metal. As thermionic emission increases the built-in field, the drift current, which is opposite to the diffusion current direction, increases until dynamic equilibrium is reached, forming a contact barrier between the metal and the semiconductor, known as the Schottky barrier. When the external voltage is zero, the electron diffusion current equals the reverse drift current, achieving dynamic equilibrium. When forward bias is applied (positive voltage to the metal, negative voltage to the semiconductor), the built-in field weakens, lowering the barrier on the semiconductor side, thus forming a forward current from the metal to the semiconductor. When reverse bias is applied, the built-in field strengthens, increasing the barrier height and forming a small reverse current from the semiconductor to the metal. Therefore, like PN junction diodes, SBD is a nonlinear device with unidirectional conductivity.

Felten-Guilleaume electrical component types

Inductors can be made by winding conductive material, typically copper wire, around a magnetic core. The core can also be removed or replaced with ferromagnetic material. Core materials with higher permeability than air can confine the magnetic field more tightly around the inductor component, thereby increasing inductance. There are many types of inductors; most are made with enamel-coated coils wound around ferrite bobbins, while some shielded inductors place the coil entirely within the ferrite. The cores of some inductor components are adjustable, allowing the inductance value to be changed. Small inductors can be directly etched onto PCB boards using a spiral trace layout method. Low-value inductors can also be manufactured in integrated circuits using the same process as transistors. In these applications, aluminum interconnects are often used as the conductive material. Regardless of the method, due to practical constraints, the most commonly used approach is a circuit called a "gyrator," which uses a capacitor and active components to exhibit the same characteristics as an inductor. Inductor components used for blocking high frequencies are often constructed from a metal wire passing through a magnetic core or bead.

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