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flir electrical components is a general term for all single components based on semiconductor materials, including diodes, transistors, field-effect transistors, and thyristors (the latter three are all three-terminal devices) made of various semiconductor materials. A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used in amplifiers or electronically controlled switches. Transistors are the basic building blocks for the standard operation of computers, mobile phones, and all other modern electronic circuits. Due to their fast response speed and high accuracy, transistors can be used for a wide variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and oscillators. Transistors can be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit in a very small area that can accommodate one hundred million or more transistors.

flir electrical component principle

Photoelectric sensors achieve control by converting changes in light intensity into changes in electrical signals. Generally, a photoelectric sensor consists of three parts: a transmitter, a receiver, and a detection circuit. The transmitter emits a beam of light toward the target. The emitted light beam generally comes from a semiconductor light source, such as a light-emitting diode (LED), a laser diode, or an infrared emitting diode. The light beam is emitted continuously, or the pulse width is changed. The receiver consists of photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. Optical components such as lenses and apertures are installed in front of the receiver. Behind it is the detection circuit, which filters out valid signals and applies them.

flir electrical component structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective film, common electrodes, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism layer, and diffuser layer. The polarizing film, also known as a polarizer, is divided into an upper polarizer and a lower polarizer. The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other. They act like a fence, blocking light wave components as required; for example, they block light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence and only allow light wave components parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into an upper substrate and a lower substrate. Their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is generally alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate is distributed with TFT, while the other glass substrate is deposited with color filters. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses materials with high light-shielding performance to separate the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) in the color filters (to prevent color mixing) and to prevent light leakage, thereby helping to improve the contrast of each color block. Additionally, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. Color filters, also known as color filter films, function to produce 3 primary base colors (red, green, and blue), enabling full-color display on the liquid crystal display. 4. Alignment layer: The alignment layer, also known as the orientation film or directing layer, functions to enable liquid crystal molecules to achieve uniform arrangement and orientation at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrode: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: In LCD, the liquid crystal material acts like a light valve, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, and other parameters of the potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the liquid crystal. In the liquid crystal panel, active-matrix liquid crystal displays are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. The upper glass substrate, closer to the display screen, is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) tricolor filters (also known as color filter films), a black matrix, and a common transparent electrode. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment layers (or orientation layers) are prepared on the inner sides of the two glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, and spacers are distributed to ensure uniform gap thickness. The periphery is bonded with frame sealant for sealing purposes, and the common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using silver dot adhesive technology. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the arrangement state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. Consequently, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes. Liquid crystal displays utilize the optical rotatory property of the liquid crystal material combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices that do not possess inherent light-emitting characteristics. They must rely on light emission from the source in the backlight module to achieve display performance; therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the liquid crystal panel. The backlight module includes illumination sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffusion sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. The backlight modules used in LCD can be mainly classified into two categories: edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) mainly adopt edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD televisions mostly use direct-lit backlight module light sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the primary backlights for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as the reflection cover, mainly functions to direct all light emitted by the source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss as much as possible. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to guide light from the side light source to the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as the brightness enhancement film, mainly functions to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total internal reflection within the film layer, emitting it from the backlight source at specific angles to achieve a screen brightening effect.19. Diffusion sheet: The main function of the diffusion sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source to achieve optical diffusion. Diffusion sheets are divided into upper diffusion sheets and lower diffusion sheets. The upper diffusion sheet is located between the prism sheet and the LCD assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffusion sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

flir electrical component principle

Inductance is the ratio of the magnetic flux in a conductor to the current producing this flux when alternating current passes through the conductor, generating alternating magnetic flux inside and around the conductor. When direct current passes through an inductor, only fixed magnetic field lines appear around it, which do not change with time; however, when alternating current passes through the coil, magnetic field lines that change with time will appear around it. Analyzing based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction—magnetism generating electricity—changing magnetic field lines will generate an induced electromotive force at both ends of the coil, which is equivalent to a "new power source." When a closed loop is formed, this induced electromotive force will generate an induced current. According to Lenz's law, the total magnetic field lines generated by the induced current will strive to oppose the change in the original magnetic field lines. Since the change in the original magnetic field lines originates from the change in the externally applied alternating power source, objectively, the inductor coil has the characteristic of opposing changes in current in an AC circuit. Inductor coils have characteristics similar to inertia in mechanics, named "self-induction" in electrical engineering. Sparks often occur at the moment of opening or closing a knife switch, which is caused by the high induced electromotive force generated by the self-induction phenomenon.

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