GROTHEELEKTRO electrical components Germany GROTHEELEKTRO model GROTHEELEKTRO price

GROTHEELEKTRO electrical components are a common type of light-emitting device that emits light by releasing energy through the recombination of electrons and holes, and they are widely used in the lighting field. Light-emitting diodes can efficiently convert electrical energy into light energy and have extensive applications in modern society, such as in lighting, flat-panel displays, and medical devices. This electronic component first appeared in 1962, initially emitting only low-intensity red light. Later, versions emitting other monochromatic lights were developed, with emitted light covering the visible spectrum, infrared, and ultraviolet ranges, and brightness increased to significant levels. Their applications evolved from initial uses as indicator lights and display panels; light-emitting diodes are abbreviated as LED. They are made from compounds containing gallium, arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc. When electrons and holes recombine, they emit visible light, allowing them to be used to manufacture light-emitting diodes. In circuits and instruments, they serve as indicator lights or form text and numeric displays. Gallium arsenide diodes emit red light, gallium phosphide diodes emit green light, silicon carbide diodes emit yellow light, and gallium nitride diodes emit blue light. Based on chemical properties, they are divided into organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and inorganic light-emitting diodes (LED). LED was initially used for indicative lighting in instruments and meters, later expanding to traffic signals, landscape lighting, automotive lighting, and mobile phone keypads and backlights. Later, new technology for micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LED) was developed, significantly reducing the size of traditional light-emitting diodes. Arrays of independently emitting red, blue, and green micro-LEDs are arranged to form display arrays for display technology applications. Micro-LEDs feature self-emissive display characteristics, offering higher efficiency, longer lifespan, and greater stability with less susceptibility to environmental influences compared to self-emissive organic light-emitting diodes.

GROTHEELEKTRO electrical component structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective film, common electrodes, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism layer, and light-diffusing layer. The polarizing film is also known as a polarizer; polarizers are divided into upper and lower polarizers. The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other. They act like a fence, blocking light wave components as required; for example, they block light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence and only allow light wave components parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into upper and lower substrates. Their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is generally alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate is distributed with TFT, while the other glass substrate is deposited with color filters. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses highly light-shielding materials to separate the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) in the color filters (to prevent color mixing) and to prevent light leakage, thereby helping to improve the contrast of each color block. In addition, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can also conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. Color filters, also known as color filter films, function to generate 3 primary colors of light (red, green, and blue) to achieve full-color display on the liquid crystal display. 4. Alignment film: The alignment film, also known as an orientation film or alignment layer, functions to enable liquid crystal molecules to achieve uniform arrangement and orientation at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrode: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: In LCD, the liquid crystal material acts like a light valve, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, and other parameters of the potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the liquid crystal. In the LCD panel, active-matrix liquid crystal displays are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. The upper glass substrate (closer to the display screen) is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) tricolor filters (also known as color filter films), a black matrix, and a common transparent electrode. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment films (or alignment layers) are prepared on the inner sides of the two glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, and spacers are dispersed to ensure uniform gap thickness. The periphery is bonded with frame sealant to provide sealing, and the common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using silver dot adhesive technology. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. Consequently, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes. Liquid crystal displays utilize the optical rotation property of liquid crystal materials combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices that do not possess inherent light-emitting characteristics. They rely on light emission from the source in the backlight module to achieve display performance; therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the LCD panel. The backlight module includes illumination sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffusion sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. Backlight modules used in LCD are mainly categorized into edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) mainly use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module light sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the primary backlight sources for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as a reflection cover, mainly functions to direct all light emitted by the source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to guide light from the side light source to the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as a brightness enhancement film, mainly functions to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total reflection within the film layer, emitting it from the backlight source at specific angles to achieve a screen brightening effect.19. Diffusion sheet: The main function of the diffusion sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source, achieving optical diffusion. Diffusion sheets are categorized into upper diffusion sheets and lower diffusion sheets. The upper diffusion sheet is located between the prism sheet and the LCD assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffusion sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

GROTHEELEKTRO electrical component principle

Based on different usage purposes, various types of thermometers have been designed and manufactured. Their design principles include: utilizing the thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under temperature influence; the change in pressure of gas (or vapor) due to temperature differences under constant volume conditions; the thermoelectric effect; the variation of electrical resistance with temperature; and the influence of thermal radiation. 1. Gas thermometer: Hydrogen or helium is often used as the temperature measurement medium because their liquefaction temperatures are very low, close to absolute zero, resulting in a wide temperature measurement range. This type of thermometer offers high precision and is mostly used for precise measurements. 2. Resistance thermometer: Divided into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are made based on the characteristic that electrical resistance changes with temperature. Metal thermometers mainly use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze alloys; semiconductor thermometers mainly use carbon, germanium, etc. Resistance thermometers are convenient and reliable, and are widely used. 3. Thermocouple thermometer: A temperature measuring instrument widely used in industry. It is made using the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the measuring junction, and the other ends are connected to a measuring instrument to form a circuit. When the measuring junction is placed at the temperature to be measured, and there is a temperature difference between the measuring junction and the free end, an electromotive force is generated, causing current to flow through the circuit. By measuring electrical quantities and using the known temperature at one point, the temperature at another point can be determined. It is suitable for applications involving large temperature differences between two substances and is mostly used for high-temperature and low-turbidity measurements. 4. Dial thermometer: A thermometer shaped like an instrument panel, also known as a room thermometer, used to measure room temperature. It is made using the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. It uses a bimetallic strip as the temperature-sensing element to control the pointer. The bimetallic strip is typically made by riveting a copper strip and an iron strip together, with the copper strip on the left and the iron strip on the right. Since the thermal expansion and contraction effect of copper is much more pronounced than that of iron, when the temperature rises, the copper strip pulls the iron strip to bend to the right, causing the pointer to deflect to the right (indicating high temperature) under the drive of the bimetallic strip; conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer deflects to the left under the drive of the bimetallic strip. 5. Glass tube thermometer: Glass tube thermometers utilize the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to measure temperature. Due to differences in the expansion coefficients, boiling points, and freezing points of the temperature measurement media, common glass tube thermometers mainly include kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red ink thermometers. Their advantages are simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low cost. The disadvantages are that the measurement limits and accuracy are limited by the quality of the glass and the properties of the temperature measurement medium. Additionally, they cannot transmit data remotely and are fragile. 6. Pressure thermometer: Pressure thermometers use the volume expansion or pressure change of liquid, gas, or saturated vapor in a closed container upon heating as the measurement signal. Its basic structure consists of three parts: a bulb, a capillary tube, and an indicator gauge. The advantages of pressure thermometers are: simple structure, high mechanical strength, and resistance to vibration. They are low-cost and do not require external power. The disadvantages are: limited temperature measurement range; significant heat loss and slow response time. 13. Mercury thermometer is a type of expansion thermometer. It can only serve as a local monitoring instrument. Using it to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive but also avoids errors associated with remote transmission thermometers.

GROTHEELEKTRO electrical component classification

1, Fuse resistor: Also known as a fusible resistor, it serves the dual function of a resistor and a fuse under normal conditions. When a circuit fault causes its power to exceed the rated power, it fuses like a fuse, disconnecting the connected circuit. Fuse resistors generally have low resistance values and low power ratings. 6, Sensitive resistor: Refers to resistors whose resistance values are sensitive to certain physical quantities (such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, voltage, mechanical force, and gas concentration). When these physical quantities change, the resistance value of the sensitive resistor changes accordingly, presenting different resistance values. Based on sensitivity to different physical quantities, sensitive resistors can be classified into thermistors, humidity-sensitive resistors, photoresistors, varistors, force-sensitive resistors, magnetoresistors, and gas-sensitive resistors. The materials used for sensitive resistors are almost exclusively semiconductors, so these resistors are also called semiconductor resistors. The resistance of a thermistor changes with temperature; if the resistance decreases as temperature rises, it is a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. NTC thermistors are widely used and can be further divided into general-purpose NTC thermistors, voltage-stabilizing NTC thermistors, and temperature-measuring NTC thermistors. The resistance of a photoresistor changes with the intensity of incident light; when incident light increases, the resistance of the photoresistor decreases, and when incident light weakens, the resistance value increases.

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