HAKEL electrical components Germany HAKEL model HAKEL price

HAKEL electrical components refer to devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of cups, tanks, or other containers or partial spaces of composite containers holding electrolyte solutions and metal electrodes to generate current. They have distinct positive and negative poles. With technological advancements, batteries broadly refer to small devices capable of generating electrical energy, such as solar cells. Key performance parameters of batteries include electromotive force, capacity, specific energy, and internal resistance. Using batteries as an energy source provides stable voltage and current, long-term stable power supply, and current minimally affected by external factors. Batteries also feature a simple structure, are portable, offer easy charge and discharge operations, are unaffected by external climate and temperature, and provide stable and reliable performance, playing a significant role in various aspects of modern social life.

HAKEL electrical component parameters

The main parameters of transistors include current amplification factor, dissipation power, frequency characteristics, maximum collector current, maximum reverse voltage, and reverse current. Amplification factor: The DC current amplification factor, also known as the static current amplification factor or DC amplification ratio, is the ratio of the collector current to the base current when no varying signal is input (static state). AC amplification factor: The AC amplification factor, also known as the AC current amplification factor or dynamic current amplification factor, is the ratio of the change in collector current to the change in base current under AC conditions. Dissipation power: Dissipation power, also referred to as the maximum allowable collector dissipation power PCM, is the maximum power dissipated at the collector when transistor parameter variations do not exceed specified allowable limits. Dissipation power is closely related to the maximum allowable junction temperature and the maximum collector current of the transistor. During operation, the actual power consumption of the transistor must not exceed the PCM value; otherwise, the transistor may be damaged due to overload. When the operating frequency of the transistor exceeds the cutoff frequency, its current amplification factor decreases as the frequency increases. The maximum oscillation frequency is the frequency at which the power gain of the transistor drops to 6. Typically, the maximum oscillation frequency of high-frequency transistors is lower than the common-base cutoff frequency, while the characteristic frequency is higher than the common-base cutoff frequency but lower than the common-collector cutoff frequency. Maximum current: The maximum collector current is the highest current allowed to pass through the transistor's collector. Maximum reverse voltage: The maximum reverse voltage is the highest working voltage allowed to be applied to the transistor during operation. It includes the collector-emitter reverse breakdown voltage, collector-base reverse breakdown voltage, and emitter-base reverse breakdown voltage. The collector reverse breakdown voltage is the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the collector and emitter when the transistor base is open. The base reverse breakdown voltage is the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the collector and base when the transistor emitter is open. The emitter reverse breakdown voltage is the maximum allowable reverse voltage between the emitter and base when the transistor collector is open. The reverse current between the base and collector, also known as the collector junction reverse leakage current, is the reverse current between the collector and base when the transistor emitter is open. The reverse breakdown current between the emitter and collector, also known as the penetration current, is the reverse leakage current between the collector and emitter when the transistor base is open. A smaller value of this current indicates better transistor performance.

HAKEL electrical component composition

A diode is formed by a PN junction along with corresponding electrode leads and package casing. Using different doping processes and diffusion, P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor are fabricated on the same semiconductor substrate (usually silicon or germanium), forming a space charge region at their interface known as the PN junction. The electrode led from the P region is called the anode, and the electrode led from the N region is called the cathode. Due to the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction, when the diode is conducting, the current flows from the anode through the interior of the tube to the cathode. A diode has two electrodes: the electrode led from the P region is the positive pole, also called the anode; the electrode led from the N region is the negative pole, also called the cathode.

HAKEL electrical component composition

Internal accessories of circuit breakers: Auxiliary contacts are mechanically linked to the opening and closing mechanism of the circuit breaker's main circuit. They are primarily used to indicate the open/closed status of the circuit breaker and are connected in the control circuit to implement control or interlocking of related electrical appliances via the breaking and making of the circuit breaker. Alarm contacts are used for accident signaling in circuit breakers. These contacts only operate after the circuit breaker trips and opens. They are mainly used when the circuit breaker load experiences faults such as overload, short circuit, or undervoltage, causing free tripping. The alarm contact switches from its normally open position to a closed position, connecting indicator lights, electric bells, buzzers, etc., in the auxiliary circuit to display or alert the fault trip status of the circuit breaker. Since the probability of free tripping due to load faults is relatively low. Shunt release: A shunt release is a tripping device excited by a voltage source, independent of the main circuit voltage. It is an accessory for remote opening operation. When the power supply voltage is any value between 70% and 110% of the rated control power supply voltage, the circuit breaker can reliably open. The shunt release operates in short-time duty mode; the coil energization time generally must not exceed 9S, otherwise the coil will burn out. To prevent coil burnout in molded case circuit breakers, a microswitch is connected in series with the shunt release coil. When the shunt release attracts the armature, the microswitch changes from normally closed to normally open, cutting off the control circuit power to the shunt release. Thus, even if the button is manually held down, the shunt coil will not remain energized, avoiding coil damage. After the circuit breaker is reclosed, the microswitch returns to the normally closed position. Undervoltage release: An undervoltage release is a tripping device that causes the circuit breaker to open with or without delay when its terminal voltage drops to a specified range. Under thermal conditions, it must ensure reliable closing of the circuit breaker. Therefore, when a certain voltage drop occurs in the protected circuit's power supply voltage, it can automatically open the circuit breaker to cut off power, protecting downstream load appliances or electrical equipment from undervoltage damage. During use, the undervoltage release coil is connected to the power side of the circuit breaker; the circuit breaker can only close after the undervoltage release is energized.

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