IST electrical components, German IST models, IST prices

IST electrical components include single heterojunction, double heterojunction, and quantum well laser diodes. Quantum well laser diodes offer the advantages of low threshold current and high output power, making them mainstream products in market applications. Compared to lasers, laser diodes have the advantages of high efficiency, small size, and long service life, but their low output power, poor linearity, and less-than-ideal monochromaticity greatly limit their application in cable television systems, preventing the transmission of multi-channel, high-performance analog signals. In the return path module of a bidirectional optical receiver, upstream transmission generally employs quantum well laser diodes as the light source.

IST electrical component classification

(1) Point-contact diodes have a small PN junction contact area, cannot pass large forward currents or withstand high reverse voltages, but offer good high-frequency performance, making them suitable for use in high-frequency detection circuits and switching circuits. (2) Surface-contact diodes have a large PN junction contact area, can pass large currents, and can withstand high reverse voltages, making them suitable for use in rectifier circuits. (3) Planar diodes have a small PN junction area when used as switching transistors in pulse digital circuits, and a larger PN junction area when used for high-power rectification. (4) Zener diodes are a special type of surface-contact silicon semiconductor diode that provides voltage stabilization. The main difference between zener diodes and ordinary diodes is that zener diodes operate in the reverse breakdown state of the PN junction. By implementing process measures during manufacturing and limiting the magnitude of the reverse current during use, it is ensured that the zener diode will not be damaged by overheating in the reverse breakdown state. Unlike general diodes, the reverse breakdown of a zener diode is reversible; as long as the current does not exceed the allowable value for the zener diode, the PN junction will not suffer thermal damage. When the external reverse voltage is removed, the zener diode restores its original performance, so zener diodes have good repetitive breakdown characteristics. (5) Photodiodes, also known as photosensitive diodes, have a glass window on their casing to facilitate light reception. Their characteristic is that when light irradiates their PN junction, free electrons and holes are generated in pairs, increasing the concentration of minority carriers in the semiconductor. Under a certain reverse bias voltage, this causes the reverse current to increase. Therefore, their reverse current increases linearly with increasing light intensity. When there is no light illumination, the volt-ampere characteristics of a photodiode are the same as those of an ordinary diode. As light-controlled components, photodiodes can be used for various object detection, photoelectric control, and automatic alarm applications. When manufactured as large-area photodiodes, they can serve as an energy source and are called solar cells. In this case, they do not require an external power supply and can directly convert light energy into electrical energy. (6) Light-emitting diodes are solid-state semiconductor display devices that directly convert electrical energy into light energy, abbreviated as LED. Similar to ordinary diodes, light-emitting diodes are also composed of a PN structure. The PN junction of a light-emitting diode is encapsulated in a transparent plastic shell, with shapes including square, rectangular, and circular. Light-emitting diodes offer advantages such as low drive voltage, small operating current, strong resistance to vibration and shock, small size, high reliability, low power consumption, and long service life, and are widely used in signal indication circuits. In electronic technology, commonly used numeric displays operate on a principle opposite to that of photodiodes. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased and current passes through it, it emits light due to the energy released when electrons and holes recombine directly. Its spectral range is relatively narrow, and its wavelength depends on the base material used.

IST electrical component types

Inductors can be made by winding conductive material, typically copper wire, around a magnetic core, or the magnetic core can be removed or replaced with a ferromagnetic material. Core materials with higher permeability than air can confine the magnetic field more tightly around the inductor component, thereby increasing the inductance. There are many types of inductors; most are made with enamel-coated wire wound around ferrite bobbins, while some shielded inductors place the coil completely inside the ferrite. The cores of some inductor components are adjustable, allowing the inductance value to be changed. Small inductors can be directly etched onto PCB boards using a method that lays out a spiral trajectory. Small-value inductors can also be manufactured in integrated circuits using the same processes used to manufacture transistors. In these applications, aluminum interconnects are often used as the conductive material. Regardless of the method, due to practical constraints, the most commonly applied approach is a circuit called a "gyrator," which uses a capacitor and active components to exhibit the same characteristics as an inductor component. Inductor components used to block high frequencies are often constructed from a metal wire passing through a magnetic column or bead.

IST electrical component classification

1. Classification by relay outline dimensions: (1) miniature relays, (2) sub-miniature relays, (3) small miniature relays. 2. Classification by relay load: (1) micro-power relays, (2) low-power relays, (3) medium-power relays, (4) high-power relays. 8. Classification by relay protection characteristics: (1) Sealed relays: Relays with contacts and coils sealed inside a cover by welding or other methods, isolated from the surrounding medium, featuring a low leakage rate. (2) Enclosed relays: Relays where contacts and coils are protected by being enclosed in a housing (non-sealed). (3) Open relays: Relays that do not use a protective cover to protect contacts and coils. Among the above relays, electromagnetic relays and reed relays are the most commonly used in electronic fabrication.

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