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huber soehne electrical components are Zener diodes manufactured to provide voltage regulation by utilizing the reverse breakdown state of a PN junction, where current can vary over a wide range while voltage remains essentially constant. This diode is a semiconductor device with very high resistance up to the critical reverse breakdown voltage. At this critical breakdown point, the reverse resistance drops to a very low value; in this low-resistance region, current increases while voltage remains constant. Zener diodes are graded according to their breakdown voltage. Due to this characteristic, Zener diodes are mainly used as voltage regulators or voltage reference elements. Zener diodes can be connected in series for use at higher voltages, allowing higher stable voltages to be obtained through series connection.

huber soehne electrical components principle

Light emission principle of laser diodes: The P-N junction in a laser diode is formed by two doped gallium arsenide layers. It has a parallel-end structure, parallel to a mirror on one end (highly reflective surface) and a partially reflective surface on the other. The wavelength of the emitted light is directly related to the length of the junction. When the P-N junction is forward-biased by an external voltage source, electrons move through the junction and recombine as in ordinary diodes. When electrons recombine with holes, photons are released. These photons strike atoms, causing more photons to be released. As the forward bias current increases, more electrons enter the depletion region, leading to the emission of more photons. Eventually, some photons drifting randomly within the depletion region strike the reflective surfaces perpendicularly and are reflected back along their original path. The reflected photons are again reflected from the other end of the junction. This movement of photons from one end to the other occurs continuously multiple times. During photon movement, due to the avalanche effect, more atoms release more photons. This process of reflection and generation of increasing numbers of photons produces a very intense laser beam. Each photon generated in the emission process described above is identical to other photons in energy level, phase relationship, and frequency. Therefore, the emission process yields a laser beam of a single wavelength. To generate a laser beam, the current of the laser diode must exceed a certain threshold level. Current below the threshold level forces the diode to behave as an LED, emitting incoherent light.

huber soehne electrical components applications

The main application of rectifiers is to convert AC power to DC power. Since all electronic devices require DC power, but utility power supply is AC, rectifiers are indispensable inside the power supplies of all electronic devices unless batteries are used. Converting the voltage of a DC power supply is much more complex. One method of DC-DC conversion is to first convert the power to AC (using a device called an inverter), then use a transformer to change the AC voltage, and finally rectify it back to DC power. Rectifiers are also used for demodulation of amplitude-modulated radio signals. The signal may be amplified (increasing the signal amplitude) before demodulation; if not amplified, diodes with very low voltage drop must be used. When using rectifiers for demodulation, capacitors and load resistors must be carefully matched. If the capacitance is too small, excessive high-frequency components will pass through; if too large, the signal will be suppressed. Rectifier circuits are also used to provide fixed-polarity voltage required for electric welding. Sometimes the output current of such circuits needs to be controlled; in these cases, thyristors (a type of silicon-controlled rectifier) replace the diodes in bridge rectifiers, and their voltage output is adjusted via phase-control triggering. Thyristors are also used in various levels of railway locomotive systems to achieve fine tuning of traction motors.

huber soehne electrical components principle

When the voltage applied to a varistor is below its threshold, the current flowing through it is extremely small, equivalent to a resistor with infinite resistance. That is, when the voltage applied across it is below its threshold, it acts like a switch in the open state. When the voltage applied to the varistor exceeds its threshold, the current flowing through it surges, equivalent to a resistor with near-zero resistance. That is, when the voltage applied across it is above its threshold, it acts like a switch in the closed state. Protection principle of surge absorbers: In the standby state, the varistor has very high impedance (several megaohms) relative to the protected electronic components and does not affect the characteristics of the original design circuit. However, when an instantaneous surge voltage appears (exceeding the breakdown voltage of the surge absorber), the impedance of the surge absorber drops to a low value (only a few ohms), creating a short circuit in the line, thereby protecting electronic products or more expensive components.

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