IGEL Electric electrical components Germany IGEL Electric model IGEL Electric price

IGEL Electric electrical components are electronic devices with conductivity between that of good conductors and insulators, utilizing the special electrical properties of semiconductor materials to perform specific functions. They can be used to generate, control, receive, transform, and amplify signals, as well as perform energy conversion. The semiconductor materials for semiconductor devices are silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide, which can be used as rectifiers, oscillators, light emitters, amplifiers, photodetectors, and other equipment. To distinguish them from integrated circuits, they are sometimes referred to as discrete devices. The basic structure of most two-terminal devices (i.e., crystal diodes) is a PN junction. Semiconductor devices typically use different semiconductor materials, processes, and geometric structures, resulting in a wide variety of crystal diodes with diverse functions and applications. The frequency coverage of crystal diodes ranges from low frequency, high frequency, microwave, millimeter wave, infrared, to light waves. Three-terminal devices are generally active devices, with typical representatives being various transistors (also known as crystal triodes). Transistors can be divided into bipolar transistors and field-effect transistors. Depending on the application, transistors can be classified into power transistors, microwave transistors, and low-noise transistors. In addition to general-purpose transistors used for amplification, oscillation, and switching, there are transistors for special purposes, such as phototransistors, magnetosensitive transistors, and field-effect sensors. These devices can convert information about environmental factors into electrical signals and also provide amplification like general transistors to obtain larger output signals. Furthermore, there are other special devices, such as unijunction transistors that can generate sawtooth waves, thyristors that can be used in various high-current control circuits, and charge-coupled devices that can be used as imaging devices or information storage devices. In military equipment such as communication and radar systems, weak signals are mainly received by highly sensitive, low-noise semiconductor receiving devices. With the rapid development of microwave communication technology, low-noise microwave semiconductor devices have developed rapidly, with increasing operating frequencies and decreasing noise figures. Due to their excellent performance, small size, light weight, and low power consumption, microwave semiconductor devices have been widely applied in air defense and anti-missile systems, electronic warfare systems, etc.

IGEL Electric electrical component principles

A Schottky diode is a metal-semiconductor device made by using noble metals (gold, silver, aluminum, platinum, etc.) A as the anode and N-type semiconductor B as the cathode, utilizing the rectifying characteristics of the barrier formed at their contact surface. Because there are a large number of electrons in the N-type semiconductor and only a very small number of free electrons in the noble metal, electrons diffuse from the high-concentration B to the low-concentration A. Obviously, there are no holes in the metal A, so there is no hole diffusion movement from A to B. As electrons continuously diffuse from B to A, the electron concentration on the surface of B gradually decreases, disrupting surface electrical neutrality, thus forming a barrier whose electric field direction is B → A. However, under the influence of this electric field, electrons in A also produce a drift movement from A → B, thereby weakening the electric field formed by the diffusion movement. When a space charge region of a certain width is established, the electron drift movement caused by the electric field and the electron diffusion movement caused by the concentration difference reach a relative balance, forming the Schottky barrier. The internal circuit structure of a typical Schottky rectifier uses N-type semiconductor as the substrate, on which an N-epitaxial layer doped with arsenic is formed. The anode uses materials such as molybdenum or aluminum to form a barrier layer. Silicon dioxide is used to eliminate the electric field in the edge region, improving the voltage withstand value of the tube. The N-type substrate has a very small on-state resistance, and its doping concentration is 104% times higher than that of the H-layer. An N+ cathode layer is formed under the substrate to reduce the contact resistance of the cathode. By adjusting structural parameters, a Schottky barrier is formed between the N-type substrate and the anode metal.

IGEL Electric electrical component characteristics

The main characteristics of circuit breakers include: rated voltage; rated current; trip current setting range for overload protection and short-circuit protection; rated short-circuit breaking current, etc. Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of a low-voltage circuit breaker to operate normally again and break this short-circuit current once more after breaking the maximum three-phase short-circuit current at the output terminal of the circuit breaker; the circuit breaker does not guarantee whether it can normally connect and break thereafter. Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of the circuit breaker to break normally multiple times when the maximum three-phase short-circuit current occurs at its output terminal. Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity is a breaking current value smaller than the rated ultimate short-circuit breaking current. Generally speaking, circuit breakers with three-stage protection functions of long-time delay for overload, short-time delay for short circuit, and instantaneous action for short circuit can achieve selective protection, and most main lines (including the output terminals of transformers) use them as main protection switches. Circuit breakers without short-time delay for short circuit function (only having two-stage protection of long-time delay for overload and instantaneous action for short circuit) cannot provide selective protection and can only be used in branch circuits. "Marine Electrical Engineering" points out that for circuit breakers with three-stage protection, emphasis is placed on their service short-circuit breaking capacity value, while for circuit breakers used in branch lines, it should be ensured that they have sufficient ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity value. A common bias is to prefer larger values rather than appropriately suitable ones, believing that larger is safer. However, choosing excessively large values will cause unnecessary waste. Therefore, there is no need for circuit breakers on branch lines to blindly pursue their service short-circuit breaking capacity indicators. For circuit breakers used on main lines, they must not only meet the requirements of rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity but also meet the requirements of rated service short-circuit breaking capacity. A circuit breaker is a basic low-voltage electrical appliance with overload, short-circuit, and undervoltage protection functions, capable of protecting lines and power sources. The main technical indicators are rated voltage and rated current. Circuit breakers have different functions depending on the application, with many varieties and specifications, and numerous specific technical indicators. Free tripping of circuit breakers: If the protection action connects the tripping circuit at any moment during the closing process of the circuit breaker, the circuit breaker can reliably disconnect completely, which is called free tripping. Circuit breakers with free tripping can ensure rapid disconnection when a short-circuit fault occurs during closing, avoiding the expansion of the accident scope.

IGEL Electric electrical component principles

The basic principle of a multimeter is to use a sensitive moving-coil DC ammeter (microammeter) as the meter head. When a small current passes through the meter head, it provides a current indication. However, the meter head cannot handle large currents, so resistors must be connected in parallel and series with the meter head for current shunting or voltage dropping, thereby enabling the measurement of current, voltage, and resistance in the circuit. In a digital multimeter, the conversion circuit converts the measured quantity into a DC voltage signal, which is then converted from an analog voltage to a digital value by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. The electronic counter then counts the pulses, and the measurement result is directly displayed numerically on the screen. The functions for measuring voltage, current, and resistance are implemented by the conversion circuit. Current and resistance measurements are based on voltage measurement, meaning that a digital multimeter is an extension of a digital DC voltmeter. In a digital DC voltmeter, the A/D converter transforms the continuously varying analog voltage into a digital value, which is then counted by an electronic counter to obtain the measurement result, and the decoding display circuit presents the result. The logic control circuit coordinates the operation of the circuits, completing the entire measurement process sequentially under the action of the clock.

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