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isv industrie electrical components are common light-emitting devices that emit light through the recombination of electrons and holes, releasing energy. They are widely used in the lighting field. Light-emitting diodes can efficiently convert electrical energy into light energy and have extensive applications in modern society, such as in lighting, flat-panel displays, and medical devices. This electronic component first appeared in 1962. Initially, it could only emit low-intensity red light. Later, versions emitting other monochromatic lights were developed. The emitted light now covers the visible spectrum, infrared, and ultraviolet ranges, with significantly increased luminous intensity. Its applications have expanded from initial uses as indicator lights and display panels. Light-emitting diodes are abbreviated as LED. They are made from compounds containing gallium, arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc. When electrons and holes recombine, they radiate visible light, making them suitable for manufacturing light-emitting diodes. They serve as indicator lights in circuits and instruments or form character and numeric displays. Gallium arsenide diodes emit red light, gallium phosphide diodes emit green light, silicon carbide diodes emit yellow light, and gallium nitride diodes emit blue light. Based on chemical properties, they are classified into organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and inorganic light-emitting diodes (LED). LED was initially used for indicative lighting in instruments and meters, later expanding to traffic signals, landscape lighting, automotive lighting, and mobile phone keypads and backlights. Later, new technology for micro-LEDs (micro-LED) was developed, significantly reducing the size of traditional light-emitting diodes. Arrays of independently emitting red, blue, and green micro-LEDs form display arrays for display technology applications. Micro-LEDs feature self-emissive display characteristics, offering higher efficiency, longer lifespan, and greater stability against environmental influences compared to self-emissive organic light-emitting diodes.

isv industrie electrical component applications

The primary application of rectifiers is converting AC power to DC power. Since all electronic devices require DC power, but utility companies supply AC power, rectifiers are indispensable inside the power supplies of all electronic devices unless batteries are used. Converting DC voltage levels is more complex. One method for DC-DC conversion involves first converting the DC power to AC (using a device called an inverter), then changing the AC voltage using a transformer, and finally rectifying it back to DC power. Rectifiers are also used for demodulating amplitude-modulated radio signals. Signals may be amplified (increasing signal amplitude) before demodulation; if not amplified, diodes with very low voltage drop must be used. When using rectifiers for demodulation, careful matching of capacitors and load resistors is required. If the capacitance is too small, excessive high-frequency components will pass through; if too large, the signal will be suppressed. Rectifier circuits are also used to provide fixed-polarity voltage required for electric welding. Sometimes the output current of such circuits needs control; in these cases, thyristors (a type of silicon-controlled rectifier) replace the diodes in bridge rectifiers, adjusting voltage output via phase-control triggering. Thyristors are also used in various railway locomotive systems to enable fine tuning of traction motors.

isv industrie electrical component types

1. Rotating thermometers are made from a coiled bimetallic strip. One end of the bimetallic strip is fixed, while the other is connected to a pointer. Due to different expansion rates of the two metals, the coil's curvature changes at different temperatures, causing the pointer to indicate different positions on the dial. The temperature can be read from the dial. 2. Semiconductor thermometers exhibit resistance changes different from metals; their resistance decreases as temperature rises, with a relatively large magnitude of change. Therefore, even small temperature variations cause significant resistance changes, resulting in high-precision thermometers, often called thermistors. 3. Thermocouple thermometers consist of two different metals connected to a sensitive voltmeter. Different temperatures at the metal junctions generate potential differences across the metal ends. These potential differences are very small, requiring a sensitive voltmeter for measurement. The temperature is determined from the voltmeter reading. 4. Optical pyrometers: When an object's temperature is high enough to emit substantial visible light, its temperature can be determined by measuring its thermal radiation. This type of thermometer is called an optical pyrometer. It mainly consists of a telescope equipped with a red filter and a circuit containing a small lamp, galvanometer, and variable resistor. Before use, a relationship between filament brightness (corresponding to temperature) and galvanometer readings is established. During use, align the telescope with the object under test and adjust the resistor until the lamp's brightness matches that of the object. The object's temperature can then be read from the galvanometer. 5. Liquid crystal thermometers made with different formulations have different phase-change temperatures. During phase change, their optical properties change, causing the liquid crystal to change color. If liquid crystals with different phase-change temperatures are coated on paper, the temperature can be determined by observing color changes. The advantage of this thermometer is easy readability, while the disadvantage is insufficient accuracy. It is commonly used in ornamental fish tanks to indicate water temperature. 7. Digital thermometers use temperature sensors to convert temperature into digital signals, which are then displayed numerically on displays (such as LCDs, seven-segment displays, LED matrices, etc.). They can quickly and accurately measure peak human body temperature. Compared to traditional mercury thermometers, they offer advantages such as easy digital reading, short measurement time, high accuracy, memory function, and audible alerts. Especially since digital thermometers do not contain mercury, they are harmless to humans and the environment, making them particularly suitable for hospital and home use.

isv industrie electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for static input signals. Since both input and output quantities are independent of time in this state, their relationship, i.e., the sensor's static characteristics, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables or by a characteristic curve plotted with input quantity as the abscissa and corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. Main parameters characterizing sensor static characteristics include linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, and drift. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between sensor output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in output quantity to the corresponding increment in input quantity causing that increment. Sensitivity is denoted by S. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for forward and reverse strokes differ; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in characteristic curves obtained when the sensor input undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor output changes over time while the input remains constant. There are two main causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment. This input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value. This input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

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