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itw spit electrical components are pyroelectric infrared sensors, devices constructed from thermocouples. They are widely used as temperature detection devices in fields such as ear thermometers, radiation thermometers, electric ovens, and food temperature testing. The entry details the basic unit of a thermopile—the thermocouple—and provides a detailed introduction to the structure, working principle, main parameters, and applications of thermopiles.

itw spit electrical components classification

Thermosensitive materials are generally divided into three categories: semiconductor, metal, and alloy: 1. Semiconductor thermistor materials include single-crystal semiconductors, polycrystalline semiconductors, glass semiconductors, organic semiconductors, and metal oxides. They all have very large resistance temperature coefficients and high resistivity, resulting in high sensitivity for sensors made from them. Based on the resistance temperature coefficient, they can also be divided into negative temperature coefficient (NTC) materials and positive temperature coefficient (PTC) materials. For example, barium titanate ceramic is an ideal PTC semiconductor material. Both types of materials are widely used in temperature measurement, temperature control, temperature compensation, switching circuits, overload protection, and time delay applications, such as in the manufacture of thermistor thermometers, thermistor switches, and thermistor delay relays. Due to the exponential relationship between resistance and temperature, the temperature measurement range is narrow and uniformity is poor. 2. Metal thermistor materials are widely used as thermal resistors for temperature measurement, current limiters, and automatic constant-temperature heating elements. Examples include platinum resistance thermometers, nickel resistance thermometers, and copper resistance thermometers. Among these, platinum temperature sensors exhibit high precision and high stability in various media, including corrosive environments. However, their widespread application is limited by the scarcity and high cost of platinum. Copper temperature sensors are cheaper, but long-term use in corrosive media can lead to significant changes in static characteristics and resistance values. Nickel temperature sensors are widely used abroad and are considered ideal materials due to their high sensitivity, satisfactory reproducibility, and stability. 3. Alloy thermistor materials, also known as thermistor alloys. These alloys have high resistivity and their resistance values are sensitive to temperature changes, making them good materials for manufacturing temperature-sensitive sensors. The performance requirements for thermistor alloys as temperature-sensitive sensors are as follows: (1) sufficiently high resistivity; (2) relatively high resistance temperature coefficient; (3) linear expansion coefficient close to that of the experimental material; (4) low strain sensitivity coefficient; (6) good repeatability of the resistance-temperature curve during heating and cooling within the operating temperature range.

itw spit electrical components principle

An AC power supply that provides stable voltage and frequency is called an AC stabilized power supply. Most domestic manufacturers focus on AC voltage stabilization. The following briefly describes the classification and characteristics of available AC stabilized power supplies in the market. Parameter adjustment (resonance) type: The basic principle of this type of stabilized power supply is LC series resonance. Early magnetic saturation stabilizers belong to this category. Its advantages are: simple structure, few components, high reliability, wide stabilization range, and strong anti-interference and overload capacity. The disadvantages are: high energy consumption, high noise, heavy weight, and high cost.

itw spit electrical components principle

Photoelectric sensors generally consist of 2 parts: processing channels and processing elements. Their basic principle is based on the photoelectric effect, converting changes in the measured quantity into changes in optical signals, which are then further converted into electrical signals by photoelectric elements. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where light irradiating an object can be viewed as a stream of photons with specific energy bombarding the object. The photon energy is transferred to electrons, with the entire energy of one photon being absorbed by one electron at once. After absorbing the energy from the photon, the state of the electron changes, causing the corresponding electrical effect in the irradiated object. The photoelectric effect is usually divided into 13 categories: ① The phenomenon where electrons escape from the surface of an object under light irradiation is called the external photoelectric effect, such as in phototubes and photomultiplier tubes; ② The phenomenon where the resistivity of an object changes under light irradiation is called the internal photoelectric effect, such as in photoresistors and phototransistors; ③ The phenomenon where an object generates an electromotive force in a specific direction under light irradiation is called the photovoltaic effect, such as in photocells. Photoelectric detection methods offer advantages such as high precision, fast response, and non-contact operation. They can measure many parameters, and the sensor structure is simple and flexible. Therefore, photoelectric sensors are widely used in detection and control. Photoelectric sensors are key components in various photoelectric detection systems for achieving photoelectric conversion; they are devices that convert optical signals (visible and ultraviolet laser light) into electrical signals. Photoelectric sensors use photoelectric devices as conversion elements. They can detect non-electrical physical quantities that directly cause changes in light intensity, such as light intensity, illuminance, radiation temperature measurement, and gas composition analysis. They can also detect other non-electrical quantities that can be converted into changes in light intensity, such as part diameter, surface roughness, strain, displacement, vibration, speed, acceleration, as well as object shape and working status recognition. Photoelectric sensors feature non-contact operation, fast response, and reliable performance, leading to their widespread application in industrial automation devices and robotics. The continuous emergence of new photoelectric devices, especially the advent of CCD image sensors, has opened a new chapter for the further application of photoelectric sensors.

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