kathrein electrical components, German kathrein models, kathrein prices

kathrein electrical components are constituent parts of electronic components and small machines or instruments. They often consist of several parts and are interchangeable within similar products. The term commonly refers to certain parts in the electrical appliance, radio, and instrumentation industries, serving as a general term for electronic devices such as capacitors, transistors, hairsprings, and mainsprings. Common examples include diodes. Electronic components include: resistors, capacitors, inductors, potentiometers, electron tubes, heat sinks, electromechanical components, connectors, discrete semiconductor devices, electroacoustic devices, laser devices, electronic display devices, optoelectronic devices, sensors, power supplies, switches, micromotors, electronic transformers, relays, printed circuit boards, integrated circuits, various circuits, piezoelectric materials, crystals, quartz, ceramic magnetic materials, substrate bases for printed circuits, special materials for electronic functional processes, electronic adhesive (tape) products, electronic chemical materials, and parts.

kathrein Electrical Component Characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities when the input signal is static. Since both input and output quantities are independent of time in this state, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. Main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of a sensor include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, and drift. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes it. Use S to denote sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For input signals of the same magnitude, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are unequal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output changes over time while the input remains constant. There are two main causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters, and the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature and humidity). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment. This input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value. This input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

kathrein Electrical Component Functions

Photoelectric switches can be used in various application scenarios. Avoid strong light sources. Photoelectric switches generally operate stably under high ambient illumination. However, avoid aligning the sensor's optical axis directly with strong light sources such as sunlight or incandescent lamps. If the angle between the sensor's (receiver's) optical axis and the strong light source cannot be changed, install shading plates around the top of the sensor or fit it with a long shading tube. Prevent mutual interference. New photoelectric switches usually have automatic mutual interference prevention functions, so mutual interference is generally not a concern. However, when several groups of HGK series through-beam infrared photoelectric switches are installed close together in parallel, prevent interference between adjacent groups and mutual interference. The most effective way to prevent this interference is to cross-set the emitters and receivers. When there are more than 5 groups, increase the spacing between groups. Of course, using models with different operating frequencies is also a good method. An effective way to prevent mutual interference for reflective photoelectric switches is to increase the spacing. Moreover, the greater the detection distance, the larger the spacing should be; the specific spacing should be determined based on debugging conditions. Of course, models with different operating frequencies can also be used. Influence of mirror angle: When the detected object is glossy or encounters a smooth metal surface, the reflectivity is generally very high, acting like a mirror. Adjust the installation so that the optical axis is not perpendicular to the detected object, thereby preventing malfunction. Eliminating background influence: When using reflective diffuse emitters and receivers, unstable detection may occur if the detected object is close to the background, or if the photoelectric switch or background is a smooth object with high reflectivity. Therefore, you can switch to distance-limited emitters and receivers, or eliminate the issue by moving away from the background, removing the background, painting the background matte black, or making the background rough and dark. Use of self-diagnostic function: During installation or use, minor issues such as slight optical axis deviation due to table or background influence, vibration, lens contamination, dust accumulation, external noise, or out-of-range ambient temperature may occur. These issues may cause the photoelectric switch to deviate from its stable operating zone. In such cases, the self-diagnostic function of the photoelectric switch can be utilized to trigger the green stability indicator light, notifying the user to make timely adjustments.

kathrein Electrical Component Principles

Microphones have evolved from initial resistance-based electro-acoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion. Many new microphone technologies have gradually developed, including aluminum ribbon dynamic microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser microphones and electret microphones. The working principle of a dynamic microphone involves sound waves causing the diaphragm to vibrate through the air. The electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm cuts through the magnetic field formed by the magnet surrounding the dynamic microphone head, generating a weak fluctuating current. This current is transmitted to the amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving in the magnetic field. The ribbon is typically made of aluminum foil. To achieve an ideal resonance frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain a precise tension value. As a conductor and microphone diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between two magnetic poles, vibrating with the frequency of incident sound waves and generating a certain voltage output at both ends of the ribbon. A condenser microphone has two metal plates. One plate is coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other plate is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET). A diode is connected between the gate and the source. The diaphragm of a condenser microphone often uses fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), which offers good humidity performance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with high internal signal impedance, a field-effect transistor must be used at the output terminal to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

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