KOVHRON electrical components German KOVHRON models KOVHRON prices

KOVHRON electrical components are electronic devices with conductivity between that of good conductors and insulators, utilizing the special electrical properties of semiconductor materials to perform specific functions. They can be used to generate, control, receive, transform, and amplify signals, as well as perform energy conversion. The semiconductor materials in semiconductor devices are silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide, and they can be used as rectifiers, oscillators, light emitters, amplifiers, photodetectors, and other equipment. To distinguish them from integrated circuits, they are sometimes referred to as discrete devices. The basic structure of most two-terminal devices (i.e., crystal diodes) is a PN junction. Semiconductor devices typically use different semiconductor materials, processes, and geometric structures, resulting in a wide variety of crystal diodes with diverse functions and applications. The frequency coverage of crystal diodes ranges from low frequency, high frequency, microwave, millimeter wave, infrared, up to light waves. Three-terminal devices are generally active devices, with typical representatives being various transistors (also known as bipolar junction transistors). Transistors can be divided into two categories: bipolar transistors and field-effect transistors. Depending on the application, transistors can be classified into power transistors, microwave transistors, and low-noise transistors. In addition to general-purpose transistors used for amplification, oscillation, and switching, there are transistors for special purposes, such as phototransistors, magnetosensitive transistors, and field-effect sensors. These devices can convert information about environmental factors into electrical signals and also provide amplification like general transistors to obtain larger output signals. Furthermore, there are other special devices, such as unijunction transistors that can generate sawtooth waves, thyristors that can be used in various high-current control circuits, and charge-coupled devices that can be used as imaging devices or information storage devices. In military equipment such as communication and radar systems, weak signals are mainly received by highly sensitive, low-noise semiconductor receiving devices. With the rapid development of microwave communication technology, low-noise microwave semiconductor devices have developed rapidly, with increasing operating frequencies and decreasing noise figures. Due to their excellent performance, small size, light weight, and low power consumption, microwave semiconductor devices have been widely applied in air defense and anti-missile systems, electronic warfare systems, and other applications.

KOVHRON electrical component classification

Classification by operating principle or structural characteristics of relays: (1) Electromagnetic relay: An electrical relay that operates using the attractive force generated between the electromagnet core and the armature by the current in the input circuit. (2) Solid-state relay: A relay where electronic components perform its function without mechanical moving parts, providing isolation between input and output. (3) Temperature relay: A relay that activates when the external temperature reaches a specified value. (4) Reed relay: A relay that opens, closes, or switches circuits using the action of reed contacts sealed in a tube, which serve both as contact springs and part of the magnetic circuit with the armature. (5) Time delay relay: A relay whose output section delays or limits the time to a specified duration before closing or opening the controlled circuit when an input signal is applied or removed. (6) High-frequency relay: A relay used for switching high-frequency and RF lines with minimal loss. (7) Polarized relay: A relay that operates due to the combined effect of a polarizing magnetic field and the magnetic field generated by the control current passing through the control coil. The direction of the relay's operation depends on the direction of the current flowing through the control coil. (8) Other types of relays: Such as optical relays, acoustic relays, thermal relays, instrument-style relays, Hall effect relays, differential relays, etc.

KOVHRON electrical component characteristics

Under normal circumstances, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In practical work, to enable instruments to have uniformly scaled readings, a fitted straight line is often used to approximately represent the actual characteristic curve. Linearity (non-linear error) is a performance indicator of this degree of approximation. There are various methods for selecting the fitted straight line. For example, the theoretical straight line connecting the zero-input and full-scale output points can be used as the fitted line; or the theoretical straight line that minimizes the sum of squared deviations from each point on the characteristic curve can be used as the fitted line, known as the least squares fitted line.

KOVHRON electrical component functions

The modulated pulses generated by the oscillation circuit pass through the reflection circuit, and then light pulses are radiated by the LED GL. When the measured object enters the effective range of the receiver, the reflected light pulses enter the phototransistor DU. In the receiving circuit, the light pulses are demodulated into electrical pulse signals, amplified and synchronously gated/shaped by an amplifier, and then interference is eliminated using digital integration or RC integration methods. Finally, the photoelectric switch control signal is output by the driver after a delay (or without delay). Photoelectric switches generally have good hysteresis characteristics, so even if the detected object shakes within a small range, it will not affect the output state of the driver, thereby keeping it in a stable operating zone. Meanwhile, the self-diagnostic system can display the light-receiving status and stable operating zone to monitor the work of the photoelectric switch at any time. Proximity switches are widely used in aviation, aerospace technology, and industrial production. In daily life, they are applied in automatic doors in hotels, restaurants, and garages, as well as in automatic hot air blowers. For security and anti-theft purposes, important places such as archives, accounting departments, financial institutions, museums, and vaults are usually equipped with anti-theft devices composed of various proximity switches. In measurement technology, such as length and position measurement; and in control technology, such as displacement, speed, and acceleration measurement and control, a large number of proximity switches are also used.

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