Kraus and Naimer electrical components German Kraus and Naimer models Kraus and Naimer prices

Kraus and Naimer electrical components are accessory products used to achieve electrical connections, categorized industrially as connectors. As industrial automation levels rise and industrial control requirements become increasingly strict and precise, the usage of terminal blocks has gradually increased. With the development of the electronics industry, the application scope of terminal blocks has expanded, and their varieties have multiplied. The most widely used types, besides PCB board terminals, include hardware terminals, nut terminals, spring terminals, and more.

Kraus and Naimer electrical component features

Self-resetting fuses are characterized by high breaking current capacity, capable of interrupting AC currents and even higher currents. These fuses exhibit a very significant current-limiting effect; when instantaneous current approaches 175 kA, it is rapidly limited. The structure of a self-resetting fuse mainly consists of current terminals (also called electrodes), mica glass (filler), insulating tube, fusible element, piston, argon gas, and housing. The housing of a self-resetting fuse is generally made of stainless steel, with mica glass separating the stainless steel sleeve from the internal beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube; mica glass serves as both filler and insulator. Self-resetting fuses operate based on the property of sodium metal, whose resistance increases sharply at high temperatures. Under normal operating conditions, current flows from the left current terminal, through the sodium metal fusible element within the fine holes of the beryllium oxide ceramic insulating tube, to the right current terminal, forming a current path. When a short-circuit fault occurs, the short-circuit current heats the sodium metal, vaporizing it into a high-temperature, high-pressure plasma state, which sharply increases its resistance, thereby achieving current limiting. At this point, the high pressure generated by the vaporized fusible element pushes the piston to the right, compressing the argon gas. After the circuit breaker interrupts the short-circuit current limited by the self-resetting fuse, the temperature of the sodium vapor drops, and the pressure decreases accordingly. The previously compressed argon gas condenses back into liquid and solid states, and its resistance value returns to the original level, allowing for reuse. Regarding the wiring of self-resetting fuses, they are often used in series with circuit breakers, with an additional resistor connected in parallel to suppress overvoltage during interruption. During normal operation, the self-resetting fuse is in a low-resistance state, and only a small current flows through the parallel resistor. When a line fault occurs, the self-resetting fuse enters a high-resistance state; the parallel resistor absorbs the resulting overvoltage and maintains the operating current required for the circuit breaker trip unit, ensuring reliable interruption by the circuit breaker. Therefore, the current interrupted by the circuit breaker is effectively the current-limited value provided by the self-resetting fuse.

Kraus and Naimer electrical component characteristics

(1) The loudspeaker has two terminals (two leads), when a single loudspeaker is used, the two pins are not distinguished by positive or negative polarity, when multiple loudspeakers are used simultaneously, the two pins have polarity distinctions. (2) The loudspeaker has a paper cone, its color is usually black, and it can also be white. (3) Loudspeakers come in several major shapes, such as circular, square, and oval. (4) On the back of the loudspeaker's paper cone is a magnet; with an external-magnet loudspeaker, you can feel the presence of magnetism when touching the magnet with a metal screwdriver; an internal-magnet loudspeaker does not produce this sensation, but there is indeed a magnet inside the housing. (5) The loudspeaker is mounted on the machine panel or inside the speaker enclosure.

Kraus and Naimer electrical component principles

The basic working principle of fiber optic sensors is to guide light from a source through an optical fiber into a modulator, where the parameter to be measured interacts with the light entering the modulation zone, causing changes in the optical properties of the light (such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, polarization state, etc.), resulting in modulated signal light. Measurement is then completed by utilizing the influence of the measured quantity on the transmission characteristics of the light. There are two measurement principles for fiber optic sensors: (1) Principle of physical-property fiber optic sensors: Physical-property fiber optic sensors utilize the sensitivity of optical fibers to environmental changes to convert input physical quantities into modulated optical signals. Their working principle is based on the optical modulation effect of fibers, meaning that when external environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, electric fields, and magnetic fields change, the light transmission characteristics of the fiber, such as phase and light intensity, change. Therefore, by measuring the changes in optical phase and light intensity passing through the fiber, changes in the measured physical quantity can be determined. These sensors are also known as sensitive-element type or functional fiber optic sensors. The point-source beam of a laser is diffused into parallel waves and split by a beam splitter into two paths: one reference path and one measurement path. External parameters (temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.) cause changes in fiber length and optical phase, generating different numbers of interference fringes; counting their lateral movement allows measurement of temperature or pressure. (6) Principle of structural fiber optic sensors: Structural fiber optic sensors are measurement systems composed of optical detection elements (sensitive elements), optical fiber transmission circuits, and measurement circuits. In these systems, the optical fiber serves only as a medium for light propagation, so they are also referred to as non-functional or light-transmitting fiber optic sensors.

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