Kriz electrical components Germany Kriz model Kriz price

Kriz electrical components are current-limiting elements. When a resistor is connected in a circuit, its resistance is fixed, typically with two pins, and it limits the current flowing through the branch to which it is connected. Resistors with unchangeable resistance are called fixed resistors. Those with variable resistance are called potentiometers or variable resistors. An ideal resistor is linear, meaning the instantaneous current through the resistor is proportional to the applied instantaneous voltage. Variable resistors used for voltage division have one or two movable metal contacts pressed tightly against the exposed resistive body. The position of the contact determines the resistance between either end of the resistive body and the contact. A two-terminal device in which terminal voltage and current have a definite functional relationship, reflecting the ability to convert electrical energy into other forms, is represented by the letter R, with the unit ohm Ω. Actual devices such as light bulbs, heating wires, and resistors can all be represented as resistor components. The resistance value of a resistive element is generally related to temperature, material, length, and cross-sectional area. The physical quantity measuring the extent to which resistance is affected by temperature is the temperature coefficient, defined as the percentage change in resistance when the temperature rises by 1 ℃. The main physical characteristic of resistance is the conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy; it can also be described as a dissipative element, where current passing through it generates internal energy. Resistors typically serve to divide voltage and current in circuits. For signals, both AC and DC signals can pass through resistors.

Kriz electrical component principle

Like ordinary diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are composed of a PN junction and also exhibit unidirectional conductivity. When a forward voltage is applied to an LED, holes injected from the P region into the N region and electrons injected from the N region into the P region recombine with electrons in the N region and holes in the P region, respectively, within a few micrometers near the PN junction, producing spontaneous fluorescent radiation. The energy states of electrons and holes differ in different semiconductor materials. The amount of energy released during electron-hole recombination varies; the greater the energy released, the shorter the wavelength of the emitted light. Commonly used LEDs emit red, green, or yellow light. The reverse breakdown voltage of an LED is greater than 15 volts. Its forward volt-ampere characteristic curve is very steep, so a current-limiting resistor must be connected in series to control the current through the diode. The core part of an LED consists of a wafer made of P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor. Between the P-type and N-type semiconductors lies a transition layer called the PN junction. In the PN junction of certain semiconductor materials, when injected minority carriers recombine with majority carriers, excess energy is released in the form of light, thereby directly converting electrical energy into light energy. When a reverse voltage is applied to the PN junction, minority carriers are difficult to inject, so no light is emitted. When it is in forward operating state (i.e., forward voltage is applied across the terminals), and current flows from the LED anode to the cathode, the semiconductor crystal emits light of various colors from ultraviolet to infrared. The intensity of the light is related to the current.

Kriz electrical component characteristics

Operating characteristics: The main characteristics characterizing the performance of a synchronous generator are the no-load characteristic and the load operating characteristic. These characteristics are important bases for users to select generators. No-load characteristic: When the generator is not connected to a load, the armature current is zero, which is called no-load operation. Armature reaction: When the generator is connected to a symmetrical load, the three-phase current in the armature winding produces another rotating magnetic field, called the armature reaction magnetic field. Its speed is exactly equal to the rotor speed, and both rotate synchronously. The armature reaction magnetic field of a synchronous generator and the rotor excitation magnetic field can both be approximated as distributed according to a sinusoidal law. The spatial phase difference between them depends on the time phase difference between the no-load electromotive force E9 and the armature current I. The armature reaction magnetic field is also related to the load condition. When the generator load is inductive, the armature reaction magnetic field has a demagnetizing effect, causing the generator voltage to decrease; when the load is capacitive, the armature reaction magnetic field has a magnetizing effect, causing the generator output voltage to increase. Load operating characteristics: Mainly refer to external characteristics and regulation characteristics. The external characteristic is the relationship between the generator terminal voltage U and the load current I when the speed is at the rated value, and the excitation current and load power factor are constant. The regulation characteristic is the relationship between the excitation current If and the load current I when the speed and terminal voltage are at rated values, and the load power factor is constant.

Kriz electrical component applications

Photoelectric sensors using photoelectric elements as sensitive components are diverse and widely used. According to the nature of the output quantity of photoelectric sensors, they can be divided into two categories: (1) Photoelectric measuring instruments that convert the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent, which can be used to measure physical quantities such as light intensity, object temperature, light transmission capability, displacement, and surface condition. For example: illuminance meters for measuring light intensity, photoelectric pyrometers, photoelectric colorimeters and turbidimeters, photoelectric alarms for fire prevention, and automatic detection devices and instruments for checking the diameter, length, ellipticity, and surface roughness of processed parts, all of which use photoelectric elements as sensitive components. Semiconductor photoelectric elements are not only widely used in civil industrial fields but also hold an important position in military applications. For example, lead sulfide photoresistors can be used to make infrared night vision devices, infrared cameras, and infrared navigation systems; (6) Converting the measured quantity into a continuously changing photocurrent. Various photoelectric automatic devices are made using the characteristic of photoelectric elements to output "yes" or "no" electrical signals when exposed to light or no light. Photoelectric elements are used as switch-type photoelectric conversion elements. For example, photoelectric input devices for electronic computers, switch-type temperature regulation devices, and digital photoelectric tachometers for speed measurement.

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