KRUGELEXIM electrical components Germany KRUGELEXIM model KRUGELEXIM price

KRUGELEXIM electrical components are constituent parts of electronic components and small electrical machines and instruments; they often consist of several parts and are interchangeable within similar products. They commonly refer to certain parts in the electrical, radio, and instrumentation industries. In practice, electronic components is a collective term for components and devices.

KRUGELEXIM electrical component principle

An NPN type bipolar transistor can be viewed as two diodes connected together with a shared anode. Under normal operating conditions of a bipolar transistor, the base-emitter junction is forward-biased, while the base-collector junction is reverse-biased. When no external voltage is applied, the electron concentration in the N region of the emitter junction is higher than that in the P region, causing some electrons to diffuse into the P region. Similarly, some holes from the P region will diffuse into the N region. Thus, a space charge region forms at the emitter junction, generating an internal electric field directed from the N region to the P region. This field hinders further diffusion, achieving dynamic equilibrium. If a forward voltage is applied to the emitter junction, the dynamic balance between carrier diffusion and the internal electric field in the depletion layer is broken, injecting thermally excited electrons into the base region. In an NPN type transistor, the base region is P type doped, where holes are the majority carriers; thus, electrons in this region are called "minority carriers." Electrons injected from the emitter into the base region partly recombine with the majority carriers (holes). However, due to the low doping level and thin physical dimensions of the base region, and because the collector junction is reverse-biased, most electrons reach the collector region via drift motion, forming the collector current. To minimize recombination before electrons reach the collector junction, the base region must be made sufficiently thin so that the carrier diffusion time is shorter than the minority carrier lifetime in the semiconductor, and the base thickness must be much smaller than the electron diffusion length. In modern bipolar transistors, the typical base region thickness is a few tenths of a micrometer. Note that although both the collector and emitter are N type doped, their doping levels and physical properties differ; therefore, a bipolar transistor must be distinguished from two diodes connected in series in opposite directions.

KRUGELEXIM electrical component applications

The main application of rectifiers is to convert AC power to DC power. Since all electronic equipment requires DC, but utility power is AC, rectifiers are essential inside the power supplies of all electronic devices unless batteries are used. Converting DC voltage is more complex. One method of DC-DC conversion first converts the power to AC (using a device called an inverter), then uses a transformer to change the AC voltage, and finally rectifies it back to DC. Rectifiers are also used for demodulation of AM radio signals. The signal may be amplified (increasing its amplitude) before demodulation; if not amplified, diodes with very low voltage drop must be used. When using rectifiers for demodulation, careful matching of capacitors and load resistors is required. If the capacitance is too small, excessive high-frequency components pass through; if too large, the signal is suppressed. Rectifier circuits are also used to provide fixed-polarity voltage for electric welding. Sometimes the output current of such circuits needs control; in these cases, thyristors (a type of silicon-controlled rectifier) replace diodes in bridge rectifiers, and phase-control triggering adjusts the voltage output. Thyristors are also used in various railway locomotive systems to fine-tune traction motors.

KRUGELEXIM electrical component features

1. High sensitivity; 2. Geometric shape has multi-faceted adaptability, allowing fiber optic sensors to be made in any shape; 3. Can manufacture devices that sense various physical information (sound, magnetic field, temperature, rotation, etc.); 4. Can be used in high voltage, electrical noise, high temperature, corrosion, or other harsh environments; 6. And has inherent compatibility with fiber optic telemetry technology. The advantage of fiber optic sensors compared to traditional sensors is that they use light as the carrier of sensitive information and optical fiber as the medium for transmitting sensitive information, possessing the characteristics of fiber optics and optical measurement, with a series of unique advantages. Good electrical insulation, strong anti-electromagnetic interference capability, non-intrusive, high sensitivity, easy realization of long-distance monitoring of measured signals, corrosion resistance, explosion-proof, flexible optical path, and easy connection to computers. Sensors are developing towards sensitivity, precision, strong adaptability, compactness, and intelligence. They can serve as human eyes and ears in places inaccessible to humans (such as high-temperature areas or areas harmful to humans, such as nuclear radiation zones), and can even surpass human physiological limits, receiving external information imperceptible to human senses.

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