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Kuhlmann Electro Heat electrical components are indispensable measuring instruments for departments such as power electronics, generally aimed at measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Multimeters are classified into analog multimeters and digital multimeters according to the display method. It is a multi-function, multi-range measuring instrument. General multimeters can measure DC current, DC voltage, AC current, AC voltage, resistance, and audio levels; some can also measure AC current, capacitance, inductance, and certain semiconductor parameters (such as β). A multimeter is a magnetoelectric instrument equipped with a rectifier, capable of measuring various electrical parameters such as AC/DC current, voltage, and resistance. For each electrical quantity, there are generally several ranges. Also known as a multi-meter or simply multitester. A multimeter consists of a magnetoelectric ammeter (meter head), measuring circuits, and a selector switch. By switching the selector switch, various electrical parameters can be measured conveniently. The main basis for its circuit calculation is Ohm's law for closed circuits. There are many types of multimeters, which should be selected according to different requirements during use.

Kuhlmann Electro Heat electrical component structure

A generator is typically composed of components such as the stator, rotor, end covers, and bearings. The stator consists of the stator core, wire windings, frame, and other structural parts that fix these components. The rotor consists of the rotor core (or magnetic poles, yoke), windings, retaining rings, centering rings, slip rings, fan, and shaft. The bearings and end covers connect and assemble the stator and rotor of the generator, allowing the rotor to rotate within the stator, cutting magnetic flux lines, thereby generating induced electromotive force. This is led out through terminal blocks and connected to the circuit, producing current.

Kuhlmann Electro Heat electrical component principle

Bipolar junction transistors are divided into two types based on material: germanium transistors and silicon transistors. Each type has two structural forms: NPN and PNP. However, the most commonly used are silicon NPN and germanium PNP transistors. (Here, N means negative; N-type semiconductors are formed by adding phosphorus to high-purity silicon to replace some silicon atoms, generating free electrons for conduction under voltage stimulation. P means positive, where boron is added to replace silicon, creating a large number of holes to facilitate conduction). Apart from the different power supply polarities, their working principles are the same. The following introduces only the current amplification principle of NPN silicon transistors. An NPN transistor is composed of 4 pieces of N-type semiconductor sandwiching one piece of P-type semiconductor. The PN junction formed between the emitter region and the base region is called the emitter junction, and the PN junction formed between the collector region and the base region is called the collector junction. The three leads are called the emitter e, base b, and collector c. When the potential at point b is a few tenths of a volt higher than the potential at point e, the emitter junction is in a forward-biased state. When the potential at point C is a few volts higher than the potential at point b, the collector junction is in a reverse-biased state, and the collector power supply Ec must be higher than the base power supply Eb. During transistor manufacturing, the majority carrier concentration in the emitter region is intentionally made higher than that in the base region. At the same time, the base region is made very thin, and impurity content is strictly controlled. Thus, once power is applied, due to the forward bias of the emitter junction, the majority carriers in the emitter region (electrons) and the majority carriers in the base region (holes) easily diffuse across the emitter junction toward each other. However, since the former concentration is much greater than the latter, the current through the emitter junction is basically an electron flow, known as the emitter electron current.

Kuhlmann Electro Heat electrical component structure

The basic structure of a voltage transformer is very similar to that of a transformer. It also has two windings: one called the primary winding and the other called the secondary winding. Both windings are mounted on or wound around the iron core. There is insulation between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core, ensuring electrical isolation between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core. During operation, the primary winding N1 is connected in parallel to the line, and the secondary winding N12 is connected in parallel to instruments or relays. Therefore, when measuring voltage on high-voltage lines, although the primary voltage is very high, the secondary side is low voltage, ensuring the safety of operators and instruments.

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