KVH electrical components German KVH models KVH prices

KVH electrical components are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals. Their operating principle is based on the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where electrons in a material absorb photon energy when light strikes certain substances, resulting in corresponding electrical effects. Based on the different manifestations of the photoelectric effect, it is classified into three categories: external photoelectric effect, internal photoelectric effect, and photovoltaic effect. Photoelectric devices include phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and photocells. The performance and characteristic curves of photoelectric devices are analyzed.

KVH electrical component classification

Thyristors have various classification methods: (1) Classification by turn-off, conduction, and control methods: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors, bidirectional thyristors, reverse-conducting thyristors, gate turn-off thyristors, BTG thyristors, temperature-controlled thyristors, and light-controlled thyristors based on their turn-off, conduction, and control methods. (2) Classification by pins and polarity: Thyristors can be divided into two-terminal thyristors, three-terminal thyristors, and four-terminal thyristors based on their pins and polarity. (3) Classification by package type: Thyristors can be divided into three types based on their package type: metal-packaged thyristors, plastic-packaged thyristors, and ceramic-packaged thyristors. Among these, metal-packaged thyristors are further divided into bolt-type, flat-type, and round-case types; plastic-packaged thyristors are divided into types with heat sinks and types without heat sinks. (4) Classification by current capacity: Thyristors can be divided into high-power, medium-power, and low-power thyristors based on current capacity. Typically, high-power thyristors mostly use metal casing packages, while medium- and low-power thyristors mostly use plastic or ceramic packages. (5) Classification by turn-off speed: Thyristors can be divided into conventional thyristors and high-frequency (fast) thyristors based on their turn-off speed. (6) Zero-crossing triggering - generally used for power regulation, i.e., triggering occurs when the phase of the sinusoidal AC voltage crosses zero; the thyristor conducts only upon zero-crossing. (7) Non-zero-crossing triggering - the thyristor can be triggered to conduct regardless of the AC voltage phase; common method is phase-shift triggering, which changes the output percentage by altering the conduction angle (phase angle) of the sinusoidal AC.

KVH electrical component structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes polarizing films, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective films, common electrodes, alignment layers, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism sheets, and diffuser layers. Polarizing films, also known as polarizers, are divided into upper and lower polarizers. The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other. They act like fences, blocking light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer's axis while allowing only those parallel to the axis to pass. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into upper and lower substrates. Their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is typically alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate is distributed with TFT, while the other glass substrate is deposited with color filters. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses highly light-blocking materials to separate the red, green, and blue primary colors in the color filters (preventing color mixing) and prevent light leakage, thereby improving the contrast of each color block. Additionally, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. Color filters, also known as color filter films, generate 3 primary colors (red, green, and blue) to achieve full-color display on the LCD. 4. Alignment film: Also known as orientation film or alignment layer, its function is to enable uniform arrangement and orientation of liquid crystal molecules at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrodes: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: In LCD, liquid crystal material acts like a light valve, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: Driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chips used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, etc., of potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the LCD. In LCD panels, active-matrix LCDs are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. The upper glass substrate (closer to the display screen) is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) color filters (or color filter films), black matrix, and common transparent electrodes. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment films (or alignment layers) are prepared on the inner sides of both glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, and spacers are dispersed to ensure uniform gap thickness. The periphery is bonded with frame sealant for sealing purposes; the common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using silver dot paste technology. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, respectively. When voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the arrangement state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. Consequently, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes. LCDs utilize the optical rotatory property of liquid crystal materials combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices that do not possess inherent light-emitting characteristics. They rely on light emission from the source in the backlight module to achieve display performance. Therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the LCD panel. The backlight module includes illumination sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffuser sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. Backlight modules used in LCD are mainly divided into two categories: edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) mainly use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the primary backlight sources for LCD. 9. Reflector: Also known as a reflector hood, its main function is to direct all light emitted by the source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss. 1. Light guide plate: Its main function is to guide light from the side-mounted source toward the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: Also known as a brightness enhancement film, its main function is to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total reflection within the film layer, emitting it from the backlight source at specific angles to enhance screen brightness.23. Diffuser sheet: The main function of the diffuser sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source, achieving optical diffusion. Diffuser sheets are divided into upper and lower diffuser sheets. The upper diffuser sheet is located between the prism sheet and the LCD assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffuser sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

KVH electrical component characteristics

Typically, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In practical applications, to ensure uniform scale readings on instruments, a fitted straight line is often used to approximate the actual characteristic curve. Linearity (non-linearity error) is a performance indicator of this degree of approximation. There are various methods for selecting the fitted straight line. For example, the theoretical straight line connecting the zero-input and full-scale output points can be used as the fitted line; alternatively, the theoretical straight line that minimizes the sum of squared deviations from all points on the characteristic curve can be used, known as the least squares fitted line.

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