kws-electr electrical components Germany kws-electr model kws-electr price

kws-electr electrical components refer to the aggregate of service equipment provided to a specific group of traffic sources, such as trunk lines, switching devices, control systems, etc. The fundamental research content of traffic theory is to study the relationship between traffic volume, call loss, and bundle capacity. Therefore, the bundle is an important basic concept in traffic theory. A traffic source is the service object of a bundle, usually referring to user equipment; broadly speaking, the upper-level equipment is the traffic source for the lower-level equipment. In telephone communication, a traffic source is also called a call source. The number of service devices contained in a bundle is called the bundle capacity. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the bundle. The capacity of this bundle is V, and it provides service for N traffic sources. Any traffic source initiating a call can occupy an idle service device in the bundle.

kws-electr electrical component types

1. A rotating thermometer is made of a coiled bimetallic strip. One end of the bimetallic strip is fixed, and the other end is connected to a pointer. Due to different expansion rates of the two metal strips, the degree of coiling of the bimetallic strip varies at different temperatures, causing the pointer to indicate different positions on the dial. The temperature can be determined from the reading on the dial. 2. The resistance change of a semiconductor thermometer differs from that of metals; when the temperature rises, its resistance decreases, and the magnitude of change is relatively large. Therefore, even small temperature changes can cause significant changes in resistance, resulting in thermometers with high precision, often referred to as thermal sensors. 3. A thermocouple thermometer consists of two different metals connected to a sensitive voltmeter. At different temperatures, the metal junction generates different potential differences at the two ends of the metals. The potential difference is very small, so a sensitive voltmeter is required for measurement. The temperature can be determined from the voltmeter reading. 4. Optical pyrometer: When an object's temperature is high enough to emit a large amount of visible light, its temperature can be determined by measuring the amount of thermal radiation. This type of thermometer is an optical pyrometer. It is mainly composed of a telescope equipped with a red filter and a circuit containing a small lamp, a galvanometer, and a variable resistor. Before use, the relationship between the temperature corresponding to different filament brightness levels and the galvanometer reading is established. During use, align the telescope with the object to be measured and adjust the resistor until the lamp's brightness matches that of the object. The temperature of the object can then be read from the galvanometer. 5. Liquid crystal thermometers made with different formulations have different phase transition temperatures. When they undergo a phase transition, their optical properties change, causing the liquid crystal to appear to change color. If liquid crystals with different phase transition temperatures are coated on a piece of paper, the temperature can be determined by the color change of the liquid crystal. The advantage of this thermometer is easy reading, while the disadvantage is insufficient accuracy. It is commonly used in ornamental fish tanks to indicate water temperature. 15. A digital thermometer uses a temperature sensor to convert (temperature) into a digital signal, which is then displayed in numerical form on a display (such as LCD, seven-segment display, LED matrix, etc.). It can quickly and accurately measure the maximum human body temperature. Compared with traditional mercury thermometers, it has advantages such as convenient digital reading, short measurement time, high measurement accuracy, memory function, and audible alerts. In particular, digital thermometers do not contain mercury, making them harmless to the human body and the surrounding environment, and thus particularly suitable for use in hospitals and homes.

kws-electr electrical component classification

For most conductors, at a certain temperature, their resistance remains almost constant at a fixed value; this type of resistance is called linear resistance. For some materials, the resistance changes significantly with current (or voltage), and their volt-ampere characteristic is a curve; this type of resistance is called nonlinear resistance. For a nonlinear resistor under a given voltage (or current), the ratio of voltage to current is the static resistance at that operating point, and the slope of the volt-ampere characteristic curve is the dynamic resistance. The expression of nonlinear resistor characteristics is relatively complex, but these nonlinear relationships are widely applied in electronic circuits.

kws-electr electrical component principle

A Schottky diode is a metal-semiconductor device made using a precious metal (gold, silver, aluminum, platinum, etc.) A as the anode and an N-type semiconductor B as the cathode, utilizing the rectifying characteristics of the barrier formed at their contact surface. Because there are a large number of electrons in the N-type semiconductor and only a very small number of free electrons in the precious metal, electrons diffuse from the high-concentration B to the low-concentration A. Obviously, there are no holes in the metal A, so there is no diffusion movement of holes from A to B. As electrons continuously diffuse from B to A, the electron concentration on the surface of B gradually decreases, destroying surface electrical neutrality, thus forming a barrier whose electric field direction is B → A. However, under the influence of this electric field, electrons in A also produce a drift movement from A → B, thereby weakening the electric field formed by the diffusion movement. After a space charge region of a certain width is established, the electron drift movement caused by the electric field and the electron diffusion movement caused by the concentration difference reach a relative balance, forming the Schottky barrier. The internal circuit structure of a typical Schottky rectifier uses an N-type semiconductor as the substrate, on which an N-epitaxial layer doped with arsenic is formed. The anode uses materials such as molybdenum or aluminum to form a barrier layer. Silicon dioxide is used to eliminate the electric field in the edge region, improving the withstand voltage of the diode. The N-type substrate has a very small on-state resistance, and its doping concentration is 103% times higher than that of the H-layer. An N+ cathode layer is formed under the substrate to reduce the contact resistance of the cathode. By adjusting structural parameters, a Schottky barrier is formed between the N-type substrate and the anode metal.

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