Langer Messtechnik electrical components, German Langer Messtechnik models, Langer Messtechnik prices

Langer Messtechnik electrical component is a transducer that converts changes in magnetic field into changes in output voltage. Hall sensors are primarily used for measuring magnetic fields; additionally, they can measure physical quantities that generate or affect magnetic fields, such as in proximity switches, Hall effect devices, position measurement, speed measurement, and current measurement equipment. In its simplest form, the sensor acts as an analog transducer, directly returning a voltage. In a known magnetic field, its distance from the Hall plate can be set. Using multiple sensors, the relative position of the magnet can be inferred. Current flowing through a conductor generates a magnetic field that varies with the current, and Hall effect sensors can measure this current without interfering with it. A typical construction integrates the sensor with a wound magnetic core or a permanent magnet placed beside the conductor under test. Typically, Hall effect sensors are connected to circuits, allowing the device to operate in digital (on/off) mode, in which case it may be referred to as a switch. Industrial equipment such as cylinders, also used in everyday devices like some printers to monitor paper absence and open covers, employ them. When high reliability is required for keyboards, Hall sensors are designed into their keys. Hall effect sensors are commonly used to measure wheel and axle speeds, for example in internal combustion engine ignition timing or tachometers. They are used in brushless DC motors to detect the position of permanent magnets. A wheel equipped with two equidistant magnets causes the voltage on the sensor to peak twice per cycle; this setup is often used to calibrate the speed of disk drives.

Langer Messtechnik electrical component characteristics

Resolution refers to the ability of a sensor to detect the smallest change in the measured quantity. That is, if the input changes slowly from a non-zero value, the sensor output will not change until the input variation exceeds a certain threshold, meaning the sensor cannot resolve changes below this level. Only when the change in input exceeds the resolution does the output change. Typically, resolution varies across points within the full-scale range; therefore, the maximum change in input within the full scale that causes a step change in output is commonly used as the indicator for resolution. If this indicator is expressed as a percentage of the full scale, it is termed resolution. Resolution has a negative correlation with sensor stability.

Langer Messtechnik electrical component structure

A thermopile is a pyroelectric infrared sensor composed of thermocouples. It is widely used as a temperature detection device in ear thermometers, radiation thermometers, electric ovens, food temperature detection, and other fields. It consists of two or more thermocouples connected in series, where the thermoelectric potentials generated by each thermocouple superimpose. It is used to measure small temperature differences or average temperatures. Structure of a thermopile: The radiation receiving surface is divided into several sections, each connected to a thermocouple; connecting them in series forms a thermopile. Depending on the application, practical thermopiles can be made in wire-type or thin-film types, as well as multi-channel and array-type devices.

Langer Messtechnik electrical component structure

1. The cathode of an electron tube is the component that emits electrons, classified into oxide cathodes and thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes. Generally, oxide cathodes are indirectly heated, using a dedicated filament to heat the cathode body coated with barium oxide etc., for thermionic emission. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are generally directly heated; heating produces thermionic emission, so it serves as both filament and cathode. Theoretically, thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes have a much longer lifespan than oxide cathodes. Thoriated tungsten carbide cathodes are most widely used in high-power transmitting tubes, while oxide cathodes are generally applied in transmitting tubes with output power below 1kW. Mesh cathodes are made into cylindrical shapes using thinner thoriated tungsten wires, with advantages: (1) Since it is woven from many thoriated tungsten wires, it has a higher permeance coefficient. (2) It facilitates achieving smaller cathode-grid spacing, which helps improve transconductance. (3) Due to the mesh structure of the filament, the current in individual filament wires is lower, resulting in weaker local magnetic fields and thus reduced hum generated by cathode current. 2. The grids of electron tubes are classified into first grid and second grid based on their roles in the tube, sometimes also called control grid and screen grid. The main function of the first grid is to control cathode current, while the second grid shields the first grid from the influence of the plate. Grid structure affects mechanical strength and heat dissipation, determining whether the tube can operate stably. To reduce electron transit time, the grid-cathode spacing is made very short, even less than 1mm; therefore, manufacturers often use materials with high mechanical strength, high thermal conductivity, good emissivity, and high melting point for grids to avoid thermal shorting at such small spacings. The first and second grids must be strictly aligned, so the screen grid intercepts fewer electrons, reducing screen grid dissipation, improving current distribution and linearity. 13. The anode of an electron tube is the electrode that collects most of the electrons emitted by the cathode. During operation, electron bombardment of the plate surface and thermal radiation from other electrodes generate significant heat at the plate. Since the power dissipation density of the plate ranges from tens to hundreds of watts per square centimeter, natural radiation or conduction cooling is insufficient. Therefore, forced cooling methods are required. Common methods include air cooling, water cooling, and evaporative cooling.

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