LEXELELECTRIC electrical components German LEXELELECTRIC models LEXELELECTRIC prices

LEXELELECTRIC electrical components are electronic devices with conductivity between that of good conductors and insulators, utilizing the special electrical properties of semiconductor materials to perform specific functions. They can be used to generate, control, receive, transform, and amplify signals, as well as perform energy conversion. The semiconductor materials in semiconductor devices are silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide, and they can be used as rectifiers, oscillators, light emitters, amplifiers, photodetectors, and other equipment. To distinguish them from integrated circuits, they are sometimes referred to as discrete devices. The basic structure of most two-terminal devices (i.e., crystal diodes) is a PN junction. Semiconductor devices typically use different semiconductor materials, processes, and geometric structures, resulting in a wide variety of crystal diodes with diverse functions and applications. The frequency coverage of crystal diodes ranges from low frequency, high frequency, microwave, millimeter wave, and infrared to light waves. Three-terminal devices are generally active devices, with typical representatives being various transistors (also known as bipolar junction transistors). Transistors can be divided into bipolar transistors and field-effect transistors. Depending on the application, transistors can be classified as power transistors, microwave transistors, and low-noise transistors. In addition to general-purpose transistors used for amplification, oscillation, and switching, there are transistors for special purposes, such as phototransistors, magnetosensitive transistors, and field-effect sensors. These devices can convert information about environmental factors into electrical signals and also provide amplification like general transistors to obtain larger output signals. Furthermore, there are some special devices, such as unijunction transistors that can be used to generate sawtooth waves, thyristors that can be used in various high-current control circuits, and charge-coupled devices that can be used as imaging devices or information storage devices. In military equipment such as communication and radar systems, weak signals are mainly received by high-sensitivity, low-noise semiconductor receiving devices. With the rapid development of microwave communication technology, low-noise microwave semiconductor devices have developed rapidly, with increasing operating frequencies and decreasing noise figures. Due to their excellent performance, small size, light weight, and low power consumption, microwave semiconductor devices have been widely used in air defense and anti-missile systems, electronic warfare systems, and other applications.

LEXELELECTRIC electrical component functions

Photoelectric switches can be used in various applications. Avoid strong light sources; photoelectric switches generally operate stably in environments with high ambient illumination. However, avoid aligning the sensor's optical axis directly with strong light sources such as sunlight or incandescent lamps. If the angle between the sensor's (receiver's) optical axis and the strong light source cannot be changed, install shading plates around the top of the sensor or fit it with a long shading tube. To prevent mutual interference, new photoelectric switches usually have automatic mutual interference prevention functions, so mutual interference is not a concern. However, when several groups of HGK series through-beam infrared photoelectric switches are installed close together in parallel, mutual interference between adjacent groups should be prevented. The most effective way to prevent this interference is to cross-set the transmitters and receivers, and if there are more than 4 groups, increase the distance between the groups. Of course, using models with different frequencies is also a good method. An effective way to prevent mutual interference for retro-reflective photoelectric switches is to increase the spacing. Moreover, the greater the detection distance, the larger the spacing should be; the specific spacing should be determined based on debugging conditions. Of course, models with different operating frequencies can also be used. Influence of mirror angle: When the detected object is glossy or encounters a smooth metal surface, the reflectivity is generally very high, acting like a mirror. Therefore, align the optical axis so that it is not perpendicular to the detected object to prevent malfunction. Eliminating background influence: When using retro-reflective diffuse transmitters and receivers, sometimes the photoelectric switch may fail to detect stably because the detected object is close to the background, or the photoelectric switch or background is a smooth object with high reflectivity. Therefore, you can switch to distance-limited transmitters and receivers, or eliminate the influence by moving away from the background, removing the background, painting the background matte black, or making the background rough and dark. Use of self-diagnosis function: During installation or use, minor deviations in the optical axis, lens contamination, dust accumulation, external noise, or ambient temperature exceeding the range may occur due to table or background influences and vibration. These issues may cause the photoelectric switch to deviate from its stable operating zone. In this case, the self-diagnosis function of the photoelectric switch can be used to activate the green stability indicator light to notify the user to make timely adjustments.

LEXELELECTRIC electrical component principles

In chemical batteries, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy relies on spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions within the battery, which occur at the two electrodes. The negative electrode active material consists of reducing agents with a more negative potential and stability in the electrolyte, such as active metals like zinc, cadmium, and lead, as well as hydrogen or hydrocarbons. The positive electrode active material consists of oxidizing agents with a more positive potential and stability in the electrolyte, such as metal oxides like manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, and nickel oxide, oxygen or air, halogens and their salts, oxyacids and their salts, etc. The electrolyte is a material with good ionic conductivity, such as aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts, organic or inorganic non-aqueous solutions, molten salts, or solid electrolytes. When the external circuit is open, although there is a potential difference (open-circuit voltage) between the two poles, no current flows, and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electrical energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows through the external circuit under the action of the potential difference between the two electrodes. Simultaneously, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, charge transfer must accompany oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between the active materials of the two electrodes and the electrolyte, as well as mass transfer of reactants and reaction products. Charge transfer in the electrolyte is also accomplished by ion migration. Therefore, normal charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery are necessary conditions for ensuring normal electrical energy output. During charging, the direction of charge and mass transfer processes inside the battery is opposite to that during discharging; the electrode reactions must be reversible to ensure the normal progress of reverse mass and charge transfer processes. Therefore, reversibility of electrode reactions is a necessary condition for constituting a rechargeable battery. This is the basic thermodynamic relationship between battery electromotive force and battery reactions, and also the basic thermodynamic equation for calculating battery energy conversion efficiency. In practice, when current flows through the electrodes, the electrode potential deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium electrode potential, a phenomenon known as polarization. The greater the current density (current passing through unit electrode area), the more severe the polarization. Polarization is one of the important causes of battery energy loss. There are three causes of polarization: (1) polarization caused by the resistance of various parts within the battery is called ohmic polarization; (2) polarization caused by the hindrance of charge transfer processes in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called activation polarization; (3) polarization caused by slow mass transfer processes in the electrode-electrolyte interface layer is called concentration polarization. Methods to reduce polarization include increasing the electrode reaction area, reducing current density, increasing reaction temperature, and improving the catalytic activity of the electrode surface.

LEXELELECTRIC electrical component principles

The working principle of a discharge tube is gas gap discharge i. When a certain voltage is applied between the two poles of the discharge tube, an uneven electric field is generated between the poles. Under the action of this electric field, the gas inside the tube begins to ionize. When the external voltage increases to the point where the field strength between the poles exceeds the insulation strength of the gas, the gap between the two poles breaks down and discharges, transforming from an insulating state to a conducting state. After conduction, the voltage between the two poles of the discharge tube is maintained at the residual voltage level determined by the discharge arc channel. This residual voltage is generally very low, thereby protecting electronic equipment connected in parallel with the discharge tube from damage due to overvoltage.

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