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lindy elektronik electrical components are current-limiting components. When a resistor is connected in a circuit, its resistance is fixed, typically with two pins, and it limits the current flowing through the branch to which it is connected. Resistors with unchangeable resistance are called fixed resistors. Those with variable resistance are called potentiometers or variable resistors. An ideal resistor is linear, meaning the instantaneous current through the resistor is proportional to the applied instantaneous voltage. Variable resistors used for voltage division. One or two movable metal contacts are pressed tightly against the exposed resistive body. The contact position determines the resistance between either end of the resistive body and the contact. It is a two-terminal device where terminal voltage and current have a definite functional relationship, reflecting the ability to convert electrical energy into other forms, represented by the letter R, with the unit Ohm Ω. Actual devices such as light bulbs, heating wires, and resistors can all be represented as resistor components. The resistance value of a resistive element is generally related to temperature, material, length, and cross-sectional area. The physical quantity measuring the extent to which resistance is affected by temperature is the temperature coefficient, defined as the percentage change in resistance value when the temperature rises by 1 ℃. The main physical characteristic of resistance is the conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy; it can also be said to be a dissipative component, generating internal energy as current passes through it. Resistors typically serve to divide voltage and current in circuits. For signals, both AC and DC signals can pass through resistors.

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When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop with their ends connected, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions are different, with one end at temperature T (called the working end or hot end) and the other end at temperature T0 (called the free end or cold end), an electromotive force (EMF) is generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this EMF depend on the materials of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect," the loop formed by the two conductors is called a "thermocouple," the two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes," and the generated EMF is called "thermoelectric EMF." Thermoelectric EMF consists of two parts: the contact EMF between the two conductors and the temperature difference EMF of a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermoelectric EMF in a thermocouple loop depends only on the conductor materials forming the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is independent of the shape and dimensions of the thermocouple. Once the materials of the two thermocouple electrodes are fixed, the thermoelectric EMF is a function of the difference between the junction temperatures t and t0. This relationship is widely used in practical temperature measurement. Since the cold end t0 is constant, the thermoelectric EMF generated by the thermocouple changes only with the temperature of the hot end (measurement end), meaning a specific thermoelectric EMF corresponds to a specific temperature. We can achieve temperature measurement simply by measuring the thermoelectric EMF. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that two conductors of different compositions form a closed loop; when a temperature gradient exists between the two ends, current flows through the loop, creating an EMF between the ends—thermoelectric EMF—known as the Seebeck effect. Two homogeneous conductors of different compositions serve as thermoelectrodes, with the higher-temperature end being the working end and the lower-temperature end being the free end, which is usually maintained at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermoelectric EMF and temperature, thermocouple reference tables are created; these tables are derived under the condition that the free end temperature is 1 ℃, and different thermocouples have different reference tables. When a third metal material is introduced into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions of this material are the same, the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple remains unchanged, i.e., it is not affected by the introduction of the third metal into the loop. Therefore, during thermocouple temperature measurement, measuring instruments can be connected; once the thermoelectric EMF is measured, the temperature of the measured medium can be determined. Thermocouple temperature measurement requires that the temperature of the cold end (the measurement end is the hot end, and the end connected to the measurement circuit via lead wires is called the cold end) remains constant, so that the thermoelectric potential is proportional to the measured temperature. If the (ambient) temperature of the cold end changes during measurement, it will seriously affect the accuracy of the measurement. Taking measures at the cold end to compensate for the effects of cold end temperature changes is called thermocouple cold junction compensation. Special compensation cables are used to connect to the measuring instrument. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: ① From millivolts to temperature: Measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the thermocouple's millivolt value, and convert to temperature; ② From temperature to millivolts: Measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract to obtain the millivolt value, and thus determine the temperature.

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Under normal circumstances, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In practical work, to enable instruments to have uniformly scaled readings, a fitted straight line is often used to approximately represent the actual characteristic curve. Linearity (non-linear error) is a performance indicator of this degree of approximation. There are various methods for selecting the fitted straight line. For example, using the theoretical straight line connecting the zero input and full-scale output points as the fitted line; or using the theoretical straight line that minimizes the sum of squared deviations from each point on the characteristic curve as the fitted line, known as the least squares fitted line.

lindy elektronik electrical component principles

When current flows through a conductor, the conductor heats up due to its inherent resistance. The heat generation follows this formula: Q=I2RT; where Q is the heat generated, 0.32 is a constant, I is the current flowing through the conductor, R is the resistance of the conductor, and T is the time the current flows through the conductor; from this formula, we can easily understand the simple working principle of a fuse. Once the material and shape of the fuse are determined, its resistance R is relatively fixed (ignoring its temperature coefficient of resistance). When current flows through it, it generates heat, and the heat increases over time. The magnitude of the current and resistance determines the rate of heat generation, while the construction of the fuse and its installation conditions determine the rate of heat dissipation. If the rate of heat generation is less than the rate of heat dissipation, the fuse will not blow. If the rate of heat generation equals the rate of heat dissipation, it will not blow for a considerable period. If the rate of heat generation exceeds the rate of heat dissipation, heat accumulates. Due to its specific heat capacity and mass, this heat accumulation manifests as a rise in temperature. When the temperature rises above the melting point of the fuse, the fuse blows. This is the working principle of a fuse. From this principle, we should understand that when designing and manufacturing fuses, you must carefully study the physical properties of your selected materials and ensure they have consistent geometric dimensions. These factors play a crucial role in whether the fuse operates correctly. Similarly, when using it, you must install it correctly.

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