MALPRO electrical components Germany MALPRO model MALPRO price

MALPRO electrical components are Schottky barrier diodes named after their inventor, Dr. Schottky. Schottky barrier diodes are not made using the principle of forming a PN junction by contact between P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor, but rather using the principle of a metal-semiconductor junction formed by contact between metal and semiconductor. Therefore, Schottky barrier diodes are also called metal-semiconductor (contact) diodes or surface barrier diodes; they are a type of hot-carrier diode.

MALPRO electrical components characteristics

Under normal circumstances, the actual static characteristic output of a sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. In practical operation, to enable instruments to have uniformly scaled readings, a fitted straight line is often used to approximately represent the actual characteristic curve; linearity (non-linear error) is a performance indicator of this degree of approximation. There are various methods for selecting the fitted straight line. For example, the theoretical straight line connecting the zero-input and full-scale output points is used as the fitted straight line; or the theoretical straight line with the minimum sum of squared deviations from each point on the characteristic curve is used as the fitted straight line, which is called the least squares fitted straight line.

MALPRO electrical components principle

The thermistor will remain in a non-tripped state for a long period; when the ambient temperature and current are in the c region, the heat dissipation power of the thermistor is close to its heat generation power, so it may or may not trip. When the ambient temperature is the same, the tripping time of the thermistor decreases sharply as the current increases; at relatively higher ambient temperatures, the thermistor has a shorter tripping time and lower holding current and tripping current. The PTC effect refers to a material having the PTC effect, i.e., the positive temperature coefficient effect, meaning only that the resistance of this material increases with rising temperature. For example, most metallic materials exhibit the PTC effect. In these materials, the PTC effect manifests as a linear increase in resistance with increasing temperature, which is commonly referred to as the linear PTC effect. Non-linear PTC effect Materials undergoing phase transition exhibit a phenomenon where resistance increases abruptly by several to more than ten orders of magnitude over a narrow temperature range, known as the non-linear PTC effect. A considerable variety of conductive polymers exhibit this effect, such as polymer PTC thermistors. These conductive polymers are very useful for manufacturing overcurrent protection devices. Polymer PTC thermistors are used for overcurrent protection and are often referred to as resettable fuses (hereinafter referred to as thermistors). Due to their unique positive temperature coefficient resistance characteristics, they are extremely suitable for use as overcurrent protection devices. The method of using a thermistor is similar to that of a conventional fuse, connected in series in the circuit. When the circuit operates normally, the thermistor temperature is close to room temperature and the resistance is very low, so connecting it in series does not hinder current flow; however, when an overcurrent occurs due to a fault, the thermistor's temperature rises due to increased heat generation power. When the temperature exceeds the switch temperature, the resistance increases instantly and dramatically, rapidly reducing the current in the loop to a safe value. After the thermistor trips, the current in the circuit drops significantly, where t is the tripping time of the thermistor. Due to the good designability of polymer PTC thermistors, their sensitivity to temperature can be adjusted by changing their own switch temperature (ts), allowing them to serve both over-temperature and over-current protection functions simultaneously, making them suitable for over-current and over-temperature protection of lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Influence of ambient temperature on polymer PTC thermistors Polymer PTC thermistors are direct-heating, step-type thermistors. Their resistance change process is related to their own heat generation and dissipation conditions, so their holding current, tripping current, and tripping time are influenced by ambient temperature.

MALPRO electrical components performance

The main performance indicators of a loudspeaker include sensitivity, frequency response, rated power, rated impedance, directivity, and distortion. ① Rated power: Loudspeaker power is categorized into nominal power and maximum power. Nominal power, also referred to as rated power or non-distortion power, is the maximum input power allowed within the rated non-distortion range. The power value marked on the loudspeaker's nameplate and technical manual is this rated power. Maximum power refers to the peak power that the loudspeaker can withstand at any given instant. ② Rated impedance: The impedance of a loudspeaker is generally frequency-dependent. ③ Frequency response: When audio signals of the same voltage but different frequencies are applied to a loudspeaker, the resulting sound pressure level varies. Typically, the sound pressure is higher in the mid-frequency range and lower in the low- and high-frequency ranges. The frequency range of high and low tones where the sound pressure drops to a certain value relative to the mid-frequency sound pressure is defined as the frequency response characteristic of the loudspeaker. ④ Distortion: Distortion is the phenomenon where the loudspeaker fails to accurately reproduce the original sound. There are two types of distortion: frequency distortion and nonlinear distortion. Frequency distortion occurs when certain frequency signals are reproduced with greater intensity while others are weaker, disrupting the original balance of loudness across frequencies and altering the timbre. Nonlinear distortion arises from inconsistencies between the vibration of the loudspeaker's vibrating system and the signal fluctuations, introducing new frequency components into the output sound waves. ⑤ Directivity characteristics: These describe the distribution of sound pressure radiated by the loudspeaker in various spatial directions. Higher frequencies result in narrower directivity, and larger diaphragms result in stronger directivity.

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