mersen electrical components German mersen models mersen prices

mersen electrical components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, field-effect transistors, thyristors, transformers, relays, sensors, etc.; electronic devices include analog circuits (operational amplifiers, comparators, signal conditioners), logic circuits (flip-flops, counters, decoders, registers, transceivers, NOT gates, AND gates, OR gates, NAND gates, NOR gates, XOR gates), microcontrollers, memory, digital potentiometers, signal conversion circuits (A/D converters, D/A converters, voltage/frequency converters), communication circuits (various interface circuits), monitoring and reset circuits (power supply monitoring, program monitoring), etc., too numerous to mention.

mersen electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for a static input signal. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of a sensor include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. (1) Linearity: refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of the static characteristics of a sensor. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes this increment. S is used to denote sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor output changes over time while the input quantity remains constant. There are two causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in the output occurs after exceeding a certain increment; this input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in the output occurs after reaching a certain value; this input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

mersen electrical component applications

The collector-emitter current can be considered as being controlled by the base-emitter current, which is equivalent to treating the bipolar transistor as a "current-controlled" device. It can also be viewed as being controlled by the emitter-base junction voltage, i.e., treating it as a "voltage-controlled" device. In fact, these two perspectives are interrelated through the current-voltage relationship across the base-emitter junction, which can be represented by the current-voltage curve of the PN junction. In analog circuit design, the current-controlled perspective is sometimes adopted because, within a certain range, the bipolar transistor exhibits approximately linear characteristics. Within this range (referred to below as the "active region"), the collector current is approximately equal to a multiple of the base current, which greatly facilitates problem analysis and control of circuit functions. When designing some basic circuits, it is assumed that the emitter-base voltage is approximately constant, in which case the collector current is approximately equal to a multiple of the base current, and the transistor acts as a current amplifier. However, in reality, the bipolar transistor is a relatively complex nonlinear device, and improper bias voltage allocation will cause distortion of the output signal. Furthermore, even when operating within a specific range, its current gain is affected by factors including temperature. To design precise and reliable bipolar transistor circuits, the voltage-controlled perspective must be adopted. The voltage-controlled model introduces an exponential function to describe the voltage-current relationship; within a certain range, the functional relationship is approximately linear, allowing the transistor to be treated as a conductance element. Thus, the design of circuits such as differential amplifiers is simplified to a linear problem, so the approximate voltage-controlled perspective is also frequently selected. For translinear circuits, studying their current-voltage curves is crucial for analyzing device operation, so they are typically treated as a voltage-controlled model where the transconductance is proportional to the collector current. Transistor-level circuit design primarily uses SPICE or other similar analog circuit simulators, so the complexity of the model does not pose a significant problem for designers. However, when manually analyzing analog circuit problems, it is not always possible to adopt exact calculation methods as in classical circuit analysis, making the use of approximation methods essential.

mersen electrical component types

For different application scenarios, the purpose of using varistors, and the voltage/current applied to the varistor, are not the same, so the requirements for the varistor also differ. Paying attention to these differences is very important for correct usage. According to different purposes, varistors can be divided into two categories: (1) protection varistors and (2) circuit function varistors. Protection resistors: (1) Distinguish whether it is a power supply protection varistor or a signal/data line protection varistor, as they must meet different technical standard requirements. (2) According to the different continuous operating voltages applied to the varistor, varistors across power lines can be divided into AC type or DC type; the aging characteristics of varistors under these two voltage stresses differ. (3) According to the different abnormal overvoltage characteristics withstandable by the varistor, varistors can be divided into three types: surge suppression type, high-power type, and high-energy type. 1. Surge suppression type varistors refer to varistors used to suppress transient overvoltages such as lightning overvoltage and switching overvoltage. The occurrence of such transient overvoltages is random and non-periodic, and the peak current/voltage may be very high. The vast majority of varistors belong to this category. 2. High-power type varistors refer to varistors used to absorb continuous pulse groups that appear periodically, such as varistors connected in parallel to switching power supply converters. Here, the impulse voltage appears periodically, and the period is known; the energy value can generally be calculated. Although the voltage peak is not very high, the average power is quite large due to the high frequency of occurrence. 4. High-energy type varistors refer to varistors used to absorb magnetic energy in large inductive coils such as generator excitation coils and lifting electromagnet coils. For such applications, the main technical indicator is energy absorption capacity. The protective function of varistors can be repeated many times in most application scenarios, but sometimes they are made into "one-time" protective devices like current fuses. For example, varistors with short-circuit contacts connected in parallel to the loads of certain current transformers.

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