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MIRAVA electrical components are Schottky barrier diodes named after their inventor, Dr. Schottky. Schottky barrier diodes are not made using the principle of forming a PN junction by contact between P-type and N-type semiconductors, but rather using the principle of a metal-semiconductor junction formed by contact between metal and semiconductor. Therefore, Schottky barrier diodes are also called metal-semiconductor (contact) diodes or surface barrier diodes; they are a type of hot-carrier diode.

MIRAVA electrical components applications

Metal waveguides and metal resonant cavities are widely used in decimeter waves, centimeter waves, and longer millimeter-wave bands. Since the cross-section of waveguides and the dimensions of resonant cavities are comparable to the wavelength, metal waveguides and resonant cavities are too small and difficult to manufacture. It is even more impossible to apply metal waveguides or resonant cavities in the infrared or visible light bands, where wavelengths are on the micrometer scale. For this reason, dielectric waveguides and dielectric resonators have rapidly developed and gained widespread application. Although the dimensions of dielectric waveguides and dielectric resonators are also on a scale comparable to the wavelength, they are easy to fabricate into tiny sizes using microfabrication techniques. For example, optical fibers and optical waveguides with cross-sectional dimensions on the micrometer scale belong to dielectric waveguides. The fields in metal waveguides can be viewed as resulting from plane waves reflecting back and forth between conductor surfaces; the fields in dielectric waveguides can also be viewed as resulting from total internal reflection of electromagnetic waves at dielectric interfaces. Therefore, a dense medium surrounded by a sparse medium forms a dielectric waveguide. In an ideal metal waveguide, the electromagnetic field forms a standing wave transversely, and outside the waveguide boundary, approximating an ideal conductor, there is no electromagnetic field. In a dielectric waveguide, the electromagnetic field forms a standing wave transversely, but an electromagnetic field still exists outside the dielectric waveguide; it decreases exponentially in the transverse direction, known as an evanescent field. In a metal waveguide filled with a uniform medium, the TE mode and the TM mode can individually satisfy the short-circuit boundary conditions of the waveguide walls, so the TE mode and the TM mode can always be separated, and both can propagate in the metal waveguide. When a metal waveguide is filled with two or more media, or partially filled with dielectric, the electromagnetic field must satisfy not only the boundary conditions on the conductor walls but also the continuity conditions at the media interfaces. In the case of uniform filling with two or more media, only hybrid modes of TE and TM, i.e., HEM modes, can exist. After understanding the above content, one can proceed to further understand dielectric resonators. As early as 1939, the concept and theory of dielectric resonators were proposed, but due to the lack of suitable dielectric materials, this theory lay dormant for over 20 years without practical development. It was not until the 20th century, in the 60s, that the successful development of high-permittivity ceramics such as rutile ceramic (ε≈80100) brought dielectric resonators back into attention. However, the high temperature coefficient of rutile ceramic limited its practical application. In the 20th century, during the 70s, barium titanate-based and zirconium titanate-based ceramics were developed; their high permittivity, low loss, and low temperature coefficient enabled the practical use of dielectric resonators. Dielectric resonators offer advantages such as small size, light weight, high quality factor, and good stability. They are particularly suitable for application in microstrip circuits or microwave integrated circuits and in the millimeter-wave band, receiving significant attention and developing rapidly. When the permittivity is very high, the interface between the dielectric and air approximates an open circuit, and the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves at the interface approaches 10. At this point, the surface of the dielectric resonator can be regarded as an open-circuit wall, i.e., a magnetic wall. Thus, the dielectric resonator becomes a closed system with homogeneous boundary conditions, i.e., an equivalent open-circuit wall (magnetic wall) resonant cavity.

MIRAVA electrical components principle

Photoelectric sensors generally consist of 2 parts: processing channels and processing elements. Their basic principle is based on the photoelectric effect, converting changes in the measured quantity into changes in optical signals, and then using photoelectric elements to further convert non-electrical signals into electrical signals. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where illuminating an object can be viewed as a stream of photons with certain energy bombarding the object; at this time, photon energy is transferred to electrons, and the entire energy of one photon is absorbed by one electron at once. After gaining energy from the photons, the state of the electrons changes, causing corresponding electrical effects in the illuminated object. The photoelectric effect is usually divided into 9 categories: (1) The phenomenon where electrons escape from the object's surface under illumination is called the external photoelectric effect, such as in phototubes and photomultiplier tubes; (2) The phenomenon where the resistivity of an object changes under illumination is called the internal photoelectric effect, such as in photoresistors and phototransistors; (3) The phenomenon where an object generates an electromotive force in a specific direction under illumination is called the photovoltaic effect, such as in photocells. Photoelectric detection methods offer advantages such as high precision, fast response, and non-contact operation, and can measure many parameters. With simple sensor structures and flexible forms, photoelectric sensors are widely used in detection and control. Photoelectric sensors are key components in various photoelectric detection systems for achieving photoelectric conversion; they are devices that convert optical signals (visible and ultraviolet laser light) into electrical signals. Photoelectric sensors use photoelectric devices as conversion elements. They can be used to detect non-electrical physical quantities that directly cause changes in light intensity, such as light intensity, illuminance, radiation temperature measurement, and gas composition analysis; they can also be used to detect other non-electrical quantities that can be converted into changes in light intensity, such as part diameter, surface roughness, strain, displacement, vibration, speed, acceleration, as well as object shape and working status recognition. Photoelectric sensors feature non-contact operation, fast response, and reliable performance, so they are widely used in industrial automation equipment and robots. New photoelectric devices continue to emerge, especially the advent of CCD image sensors, which has opened a new chapter for the further application of photoelectric sensors.

MIRAVA electrical components structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrates, black matrix, color filters, protective film, common electrodes, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitors, display electrodes, prism layer, and diffuser layer. The polarizing film is also known as a polarizer, Polarizers are divided into upper and lower polarizers, The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other, acting like a fence, blocking light wave components as required, for example, blocking light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence, while only allowing light wave components parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates can be divided into upper and lower substrates, their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is typically alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate has TFT distributed on it, while the other glass substrate has color filters deposited on it. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses materials with high light-blocking performance, to separate the red, green, and blue primary colors in the color filter (preventing color mixing) and prevent light leakage, thereby helping to improve the contrast of each color block. Additionally, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can also conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. Color filters are also known as color films, their function is to produce 3 primary colors of light: red, green, and blue, achieving full-color display in liquid crystal displays. 4. Alignment layer: The alignment layer is also known as an orientation film or directional layer, Its function is to enable liquid crystal molecules to achieve uniform alignment and orientation at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrodes: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes, The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on a glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: The liquid crystal material acts as a light valve in the LCD, controlling the brightness of transmitted light, thereby achieving the effect of information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices, used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, and other parameters of the potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field, ultimately realizing information display with liquid crystals. In liquid crystal panels, active matrix liquid crystal displays are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. Among them, the upper glass substrate close to the display screen is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) color filters (also called color filter films), black matrix, and common transparent electrodes. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen), is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment films (or alignment layers) are prepared on the inner sides of the two glass substrates, to orient the liquid crystal molecules in a specific direction. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, spacers are distributed, to ensure uniformity of the gap. The periphery is bonded using frame sealant adhesive, providing a sealing function; The common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using a silver dot adhesive process. On the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, polarizers (also known as polarizing films) are attached respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the alignment state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. At this time, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes accordingly. Liquid crystal displays utilize the optical rotatory power of liquid crystal materials, combined with electric field control, to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices, which do not have light-emitting properties themselves, and must rely on the emission of light sources in the backlight module to achieve display performance; therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the liquid crystal panel. The backlight module includes illumination light sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffuser sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. The backlight modules used in LCD can be mainly divided into two categories: edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) mainly use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module light sources. Backlight module light sources mainly use cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes as the backlights for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as the reflector housing, primarily functions to direct all light emitted by the light source into the light guide plate, Minimize unproductive losses as much as possible. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to direct light from the side-mounted light source toward the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as a brightness enhancement film, primarily functions by refracting and totally internally reflecting scattered light through this film layer, concentrating it within a specific angle before emitting it from the backlight source, thereby achieving a screen brightness enhancement effect.17. Diffuser sheet: The main function of the diffuser sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source to achieve optical diffusion. Diffuser sheets are divided into upper and lower diffuser sheets. The upper diffuser sheet is located between the prism sheet and the LCD assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffuser sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

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