mueller-ziegler electrical components Germany mueller-ziegler model mueller-ziegler price

mueller-ziegler electrical components are detection devices that can sense measured information and convert the sensed information into electrical signals or other required forms of output according to specific rules, to meet requirements for information transmission, processing, storage, display, recording, and control. The existence and development of sensors give objects senses such as touch, taste, and smell, bringing them to life; sensors are an extension of human senses. Sensors feature miniaturization, digitization, intelligence, multifunctionality, systematization, and networking; they are the primary link in achieving automatic detection and automatic control. A device or apparatus that can sense a specified measured quantity and convert it into a usable signal according to a certain rule (mathematical function law), typically composed of a sensitive element and a conversion element.

mueller-ziegler electrical component structure

1. LCD panel: The LCD panel includes a polarizing film, glass substrate, black matrix, color filter, protective film, common electrode, alignment layer, liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal, spacers, sealant), capacitor, display electrode, prism layer, and diffusing layer. The polarizing film, also known as a polarizer, is divided into an upper polarizer and a lower polarizer. The polarization functions of the upper and lower polarizers are perpendicular to each other. They act like a fence, blocking light wave components as required; for example, blocking light wave components perpendicular to the polarizer fence while allowing only those parallel to the fence to pass through. 2. Glass substrate: In liquid crystal displays, glass substrates are divided into an upper substrate and a lower substrate. Their main function is to hold the liquid crystal material in the space between the two substrates. The material for glass substrates is generally alkali-free borosilicate glass with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. For TFT-LCD, one glass substrate has TFT distributed on it, while the other glass substrate has color filters deposited on it. 3. Black matrix: The black matrix uses highly light-blocking materials to separate the red, green, and blue primary colors in the color filter (to prevent color mixing) and to prevent light leakage, thereby improving the contrast of each color block. Additionally, in TFT-LCD, the black matrix can conceal internal electrode wiring or thin-film transistors. The color filter, also known as a color filter membrane, generates 3 primary base colors (red, green, and blue) to achieve full-color display on the liquid crystal display. 4. Alignment layer: The alignment layer, also known as an orientation film or directional layer, ensures that liquid crystal molecules are uniformly arranged and oriented at the microscopic level. 5. Transparent electrode: Transparent electrodes are divided into common electrodes and pixel electrodes. The input signal voltage is applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode. Transparent electrodes are typically formed by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO) material on the glass substrate to create a transparent conductive layer. 6. Liquid crystal material: Liquid crystal material acts like a light valve in LCD, controlling the brightness of transmitted light to achieve information display. 7. Driver IC: The driver IC is essentially a set of integrated circuit chip devices used to adjust and control the phase, peak value, frequency, etc., of potential signals on the transparent electrodes, establishing a driving electric field to ultimately realize information display on the liquid crystal. In the LCD panel, active-matrix liquid crystal displays are constructed by sealing twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal material between two glass substrates. The upper glass substrate (closer to the display screen) is deposited with red, green, and blue (RGB) color filters (also known as color filter membranes), a black matrix, and a common transparent electrode. The lower glass substrate (the substrate farther from the display screen) is equipped with thin-film transistor (TFT) devices, transparent pixel electrodes, storage capacitors, gate lines, signal lines, etc. Alignment layers (or orientation layers) are prepared on the inner sides of the two glass substrates to orient the liquid crystal molecules. Liquid crystal material is injected between the two glass substrates, and spacers are distributed to ensure uniform gap thickness. The periphery is bonded with frame sealant for sealing purposes; the common electrodes of the upper and lower glass substrates are connected using silver dot adhesive technology. Polarizers (or polarizing films) are attached to the outer sides of the upper and lower glass substrates, respectively. When a voltage is applied between the pixel transparent electrode and the common transparent electrode, the arrangement state of the liquid crystal molecules changes. Consequently, the intensity of incident light passing through the liquid crystal also changes. Liquid crystal displays utilize the optical rotation property of liquid crystal materials combined with electric field control to achieve information display. 8. Backlight module: LCD products are non-emissive electronic devices that do not have inherent light-emitting properties. They rely on light emission from the source in the backlight module to achieve display performance; therefore, the brightness of LCD is determined by its backlight module. Thus, the performance of the backlight module directly affects the display quality of the LCD panel. The backlight module includes illumination sources, reflectors, light guide plates, diffusion sheets, brightness enhancement films (prism sheets), and frames. Backlight modules used in LCD can be mainly classified into edge-lit backlight modules and direct-lit backlight modules. Mobile phones, laptops, and monitors (15 inches) mainly use edge-lit backlight modules, while LCD TVs mostly use direct-lit backlight module light sources. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes are the main backlight sources for LCD. 9. Reflector: The reflector, also known as a reflector hood, mainly functions to direct all light emitted by the source into the light guide plate, minimizing unnecessary loss. 1. Light guide plate: The main function of the light guide plate is to guide light from the side light source to the front of the panel. 11. Prism sheet: The prism sheet, also known as a brightness enhancement film, mainly functions to concentrate scattered light through refraction and total reflection within the film layer, emitting it from the backlight source at a specific angle to enhance screen brightness.18. Diffusion sheet: The main function of the diffusion sheet is to correct the edge-lit light from the backlight module into a uniform surface light source to achieve optical diffusion. Diffusion sheets are categorized into upper diffusion sheets and lower diffusion sheets. The upper diffusion sheet is located between the prism sheet and the liquid crystal assembly, closer to the display panel. The lower diffusion sheet is located between the light guide plate and the prism sheet, closer to the backlight source.

mueller-ziegler electrical component characteristics

The main characteristics of circuit breakers include: rated voltage; rated current; tripping current setting range for overload protection and short-circuit protection; rated short-circuit breaking current, etc. Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of a low-voltage circuit breaker to operate normally again and break this short-circuit current once more after interrupting the maximum three-phase short-circuit current at its output terminals. The breaker does not guarantee normal connection and disconnection thereafter. Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity refers to the ability of the circuit breaker to break normally multiple times when the maximum three-phase short-circuit current occurs at its output terminals. The rated service short-circuit breaking capacity is a breaking current value lower than the rated ultimate short-circuit breaking current. Generally, circuit breakers with three-stage protection functions—long-time delay for overload, short-time delay for short-circuit, and instantaneous trip for short-circuit—can achieve selective protection. Most main lines (including transformer output terminals) use them as main protection switches. Circuit breakers without short-time delay for short-circuit (having only long-time delay for overload and instantaneous trip for short-circuit, i.e., two-stage protection) cannot provide selective protection and can only be used on branch circuits. "Marine Electrical Engineering" points out that for circuit breakers with three-stage protection, emphasis is placed on their service short-circuit breaking capacity value, while for circuit breakers used on branch lines, sufficient ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity value must be ensured. A common bias is to prefer larger values rather than appropriately sized ones, believing that larger is safer. However, excessively large values cause unnecessary waste. Therefore, there is no need to blindly pursue high service short-circuit breaking capacity indicators for branch circuit breakers. For circuit breakers used on main lines, they must not only meet the requirements for rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity but also satisfy the requirements for rated service short-circuit breaking capacity. A circuit breaker is a basic low-voltage electrical appliance with overload, short-circuit, and undervoltage protection functions, capable of protecting lines and power sources. The main technical indicators are rated voltage and rated current. Circuit breakers have different functions depending on the application, with many varieties and specifications, and numerous specific technical indicators. Free tripping of circuit breakers: If the protection action closes the tripping circuit at any moment during the closing process of the circuit breaker, and the circuit breaker can reliably disconnect, this is called free tripping. Circuit breakers with free tripping ensure rapid disconnection in case of a short-circuit fault during closing, preventing the expansion of the accident scope.

mueller-ziegler electrical component classification

1. By application: Pressure-sensitive and force-sensitive sensors, position sensors, level sensors, energy consumption sensors, speed sensors, acceleration sensors, radiation sensors, thermal sensors. 2. By principle: Vibration sensors, humidity-sensitive sensors, magnetic-sensitive sensors, gas-sensitive sensors, vacuum degree sensors, biosensors, etc. 3. By output signal: (1) Analog sensors convert non-electrical measured quantities into analog electrical signals. (2) Digital sensors: Convert non-electrical measured quantities into digital output signals (including direct and indirect conversion). (3) Quasi-digital sensors: Convert the measured signal quantity into frequency signals or short-period signal outputs (including direct or indirect conversion). (4) Switch sensors: When a measured signal reaches a specific threshold, the sensor correspondingly outputs a preset low-level or high-level signal. 4. By manufacturing process: Integrated sensors are manufactured using standard production processes for silicon-based semiconductor integrated circuits. Usually, part of the circuit for preliminary processing of the measured signal is also integrated on the same chip. Thin-film sensors are formed by depositing thin films of corresponding sensitive materials on a dielectric substrate (substrate). When using hybrid processes, part of the circuit can also be fabricated on this substrate. Thick-film sensors are made by coating ceramic substrates, typically made of alumina, with pastes of corresponding materials, followed by heat treatment to form the thick film. Ceramic sensors are produced using standard ceramic processes or their variants (sol-gel, etc.). After appropriate preparatory operations, the formed elements are sintered at high temperatures. There are many common characteristics between thick-film and ceramic sensor processes; in some aspects, thick-film process can be considered a variant of ceramic process. Each process technology has its own advantages and disadvantages. Due to lower capital investment required for research, development, and production, as well as the high stability of sensor parameters, it is reasonable to adopt ceramic and thick-film sensors. 5. By measurement purpose: Physical sensors are made using characteristics where certain physical properties of the measured substance undergo significant changes. Chemical sensors are made using sensitive elements that can convert chemical quantities such as composition and concentration of chemical substances into electrical quantities. Biological sensors are made using various biological or biomaterial characteristics to detect and identify chemical components in biological bodies. 6. By composition: (1) Basic sensors are the most fundamental single transformation devices. (2) Combined sensors are sensors composed of different single transformation devices. (3) Application-specific sensors are sensors composed of basic or combined sensors combined with other mechanisms. 12. By mode of action: They can be divided into active and passive sensors. Active sensors include acting-type and reaction-type. Such sensors emit a certain detection signal to the measured object, detect changes produced in the measured object by the detection signal, or form a signal by generating a certain effect in the measured object by the detection signal. Those detecting changes in the detection signal are called acting-type; those detecting responses to form signals are called reaction-type. Radar and radio frequency range detectors are examples of acting-type, while photoacoustic effect analysis devices and laser analyzers are examples of reaction-type. Passive sensors only receive signals generated by the measured object itself, such as infrared radiation thermometers and infrared imaging devices.

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