NIVELCO electrical components Germany NIVELCO model NIVELCO price

NIVELCO electrical component is a photodetector that converts light into current or voltage signals depending on the mode of use. The die often uses a PN junction with photosensitive characteristics, which is very sensitive to changes in light, has unidirectional conductivity, and changes its electrical properties when the light intensity varies. Therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by varying the light intensity. Photodiodes are also called photoelectric diodes. Photodiodes are similar in structure to semiconductor diodes; their die is a PN junction with photosensitive characteristics and has unidirectional conductivity, so a reverse voltage must be applied during operation. When there is no illumination, there is a very small saturated reverse leakage current, i.e., dark current, at which point the photodiode is cut off. When exposed to light, the saturated reverse leakage current increases significantly, forming a photocurrent that varies with the intensity of the incident light. When light irradiates the PN junction, it generates electron-hole pairs in the PN junction, increasing the density of minority carriers. These carriers drift under reverse voltage, causing the reverse current to increase. Therefore, the current in the circuit can be changed by varying the light intensity.

NIVELCO electrical component applications

Semiconductor diodes are used in almost all electronic circuits. The use of semiconductor diodes in circuits can protect the circuit and extend its service life. The development of semiconductor diodes has optimized integrated circuits and played a positive role in various fields. Diodes serve many functions in integrated circuits, maintaining their normal operation. The following briefly introduces the roles of diodes in the following four types of circuits. (1) Switching circuits: In digital and integrated circuits, the unidirectional conductivity of diodes is used to achieve circuit conduction or disconnection; this technology has been widely applied. Switching diodes can effectively protect circuits from damage due to short circuits and other issues, and can also realize the functions of traditional switches. Another characteristic of switching diodes is their fast switching speed, which is incomparable to traditional switches. (2) Limiter circuits: In electronic circuits, limiter circuits are commonly used to process various signals. They are used to selectively transmit part of the signal within a preset voltage level range. Most diodes can be used for limiting, but sometimes specialized limiter diodes are required, such as when protecting instruments. (3) Voltage regulator circuits: Zener diodes are typically used in voltage regulator circuits. They are surface-junction silicon semiconductor diodes manufactured using special processes. These special diodes have high impurity concentrations and high charge density in the space charge region, making it easy to form a strong electric field. When the reverse voltage across the Zener diode reaches a certain value, the reverse current increases sharply, causing reverse breakdown. (8) Varactor circuits: Varactor diodes are commonly used in varactor circuits to achieve automatic frequency control, tuning, frequency modulation, and scanning oscillation.

NIVELCO electrical component classification

Classification by operating principle or structural characteristics of relays: (1) Electromagnetic relay: An electrical relay that operates using the attractive force generated between the electromagnet core and the armature by the current in the input circuit. (2) Solid-state relay: A relay where electronic components perform its functions without mechanical moving parts, providing isolation between input and output. (3) Temperature relay: A relay that operates when the ambient temperature reaches a set value. (4) Reed relay: A relay that opens, closes, or switches lines using the action of reeds sealed in a tube, which serve both as contact springs and part of the armature magnetic circuit. (5) Time relay: A relay whose output section delays or limits the time to a specified duration before closing or opening the controlled line when an input signal is applied or removed. (6) High-frequency relay: A relay used for switching high-frequency and RF lines with minimal loss. (7) Polarized relay: A relay that operates due to the combined effect of a polarizing magnetic field and the magnetic field generated by the control current passing through the control coil. The direction of the relay's operation depends on the direction of the current flowing through the control coil. (8) Other types of relays: Such as optical relays, acoustic relays, thermal relays, instrument relays, Hall effect relays, differential relays, etc.

NIVELCO electrical component principle

A DC power supply has two electrodes, positive and negative. The potential of the positive electrode is high, and the potential of the negative electrode is low. When the two electrodes are connected to the circuit, they maintain a constant potential difference between the two ends of the circuit, thereby forming a current from the positive to the negative electrode in the external circuit. Relying solely on the difference in water levels cannot maintain a steady water flow, but using a pump to continuously move water from a lower level to a higher level can maintain a certain water level difference and form a steady water flow. Similarly, relying solely on the electrostatic field generated by charges cannot maintain a steady current. However, with a DC power supply, non-electrostatic forces (referred to as "non-electrostatic force") can be used to move positive charges from the negative electrode with lower potential back to the positive electrode with higher potential through the interior of the power supply, thereby maintaining the potential difference between the two electrodes and forming a steady current. Therefore, a DC power supply is an energy conversion device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy to supply the circuit, maintaining the steady flow of current.

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