OBO BETTERMAN electrical components German OBO BETTERMAN models OBO BETTERMAN prices

OBO BETTERMAN electrical components refer to devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy, consisting of part of the space in cups, tanks, or other containers or composite containers holding electrolyte solutions and metal electrodes to generate current. They have positive and negative terminals. With technological advances, batteries generally refer to small devices capable of generating electrical energy, such as solar cells. Key performance parameters of batteries include electromotive force, capacity, specific energy, and resistance. Using batteries as an energy source provides stable voltage, stable current, long-term stable power supply, and current minimally affected by external factors. Additionally, batteries feature simple structures, are portable, offer easy charge and discharge operations, are unaffected by external climate and temperature, and deliver stable and reliable performance, playing a significant role in various aspects of modern social life.

OBO BETTERMAN electrical component principles

In addition to converting optical signals into electrical signals like photodiodes, phototransistors also amplify electrical signals. The appearance of phototransistors is similar to that of standard transistors. Typically, phototransistors have only two leads—the emitter and the collector—while the base is not led out. The casing has a window to allow light entry. To increase light exposure, the base region is made large, while the emitter region is small; incident light is primarily absorbed by the base region. During operation, the collector junction is reverse-biased, and the emitter junction is forward-biased. In the absence of light, the current flowing through the transistor is the dark current Iceo = (1 + β) Icbo (very small), which is smaller than the penetration current of standard transistors. When illuminated, numerous electron-hole pairs are generated, increasing the base current Ib. The current flowing through the transistor at this point is called photocurrent, and the emitter current Ie = (10 + β) Ib. Thus, phototransistors exhibit higher sensitivity than photodiodes.

OBO BETTERMAN electrical component structure

Some gas discharge tubes use glass as the encapsulation shell, while others use ceramic. The discharge tube is filled with inert gases with stable electrical properties (such as argon and neon). Common discharge tubes have two or three electrodes, separated by inert gas. Based on the number of electrodes, discharge tubes are classified into two-electrode and three-electrode types. Ceramic two-electrode discharge tubes consist mainly of pure iron electrodes, nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy caps, silver-copper welding caps, and ceramic bodies. The discharge electrodes inside the tube are coated with radioactive oxides, and the inner wall of the tube is also coated with radioactive elements to improve discharge characteristics. Discharge electrodes mainly come in rod and cup shapes. In discharge tubes with rod-shaped electrodes, a cylindrical thermal shield is installed between the electrode and the tube wall to ensure uniform heating of the ceramic body, preventing local overheating and tube fracture. The thermal shield is also coated with radioactive oxides to further reduce discharge dispersion. In discharge tubes with cup-shaped electrodes, a molybdenum mesh is installed at the cup opening, and cesium is placed inside the cup to reduce discharge dispersion. Three-electrode discharge tubes are also composed of pure iron electrodes, nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy caps, silver-copper welding caps, and ceramic bodies. Unlike two-electrode discharge tubes, three-electrode discharge tubes include a nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy cylinder as the third electrode, i.e., the ground electrode.

OBO BETTERMAN electrical component principles

Photoelectric sensors generally consist of 2 parts: processing channels and processing elements. Their basic principle is based on the photoelectric effect, converting changes in the measured quantity into changes in optical signals, which are then converted into electrical signals via photoelectric components. The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon where photons with specific energy strike an object, transferring their energy to electrons. Each photon's entire energy is absorbed by a single electron at once, changing the electron's state and producing corresponding electrical effects in the illuminated object. The photoelectric effect is typically divided into 3 categories: (1) The phenomenon where electrons escape from the object's surface under illumination is called the external photoelectric effect, such as in phototubes and photomultiplier tubes; (2) The phenomenon where the resistivity of an object changes under illumination is called the internal photoelectric effect, such as in photoresistors and phototransistors; (3) The phenomenon where an object generates an electromotive force in a specific direction under illumination is called the photovoltaic effect, such as in solar cells. Photoelectric detection methods offer advantages such as high precision, fast response, and non-contact operation. They can measure multiple parameters, and the sensors have simple structures and flexible forms. Therefore, photoelectric sensors are widely used in detection and control. Photoelectric sensors are key components in various photoelectric detection systems for achieving photoelectric conversion, converting optical signals (visible and ultraviolet laser light) into electrical signals. Photoelectric sensors use photoelectric devices as conversion elements. They can detect non-electrical physical quantities that directly cause changes in light intensity, such as light intensity, illuminance, radiation temperature measurement, and gas composition analysis. They can also detect other non-electrical quantities that can be converted into changes in light intensity, such as part diameter, surface roughness, strain, displacement, vibration, speed, acceleration, and object shape and working status recognition. Photoelectric sensors feature non-contact operation, fast response, and reliable performance, making them widely used in industrial automation equipment and robotics. The continuous emergence of new photoelectric devices, especially the advent of CCD image sensors, has opened a new chapter for the further application of photoelectric sensors.

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