ortofon electrical components Germany ortofon model ortofon price

ortofon electrical component is an electrical control device. It is an electrical appliance that causes a predetermined step change in the controlled variable in the electrical output circuit when the change in the input quantity (excitation quantity) meets specified requirements. It has an interactive relationship between the control system (also known as the input loop) and the controlled system (also known as the output loop). It is usually applied in automated control circuits; it is essentially an "automatic switch" that uses a small current to control the operation of a large current. Therefore, it plays roles such as automatic regulation, safety protection, and circuit switching in the circuit. A relay is an electrical control device that can accept a specified input quantity and maintain it for a sufficient duration to cause a predetermined step change in the controlled variable in the electrical output circuit. When the input quantity drops to a certain level and is maintained for a sufficient duration, it returns to its initial state.

ortofon electrical component principle

Various thermometers have been designed and manufactured according to different purposes. The design bases include: the phenomenon of thermal expansion and contraction of solids, liquids, and gases under the influence of temperature; the change in pressure of gas (or vapor) due to temperature differences under constant volume conditions; the effect of thermoelectric effects; the change in resistance with temperature; the influence of thermal radiation, etc. 1. Gas thermometer: Hydrogen or helium is mostly used as the temperature-measuring substance because their liquefaction temperatures are very low, close to absolute zero, so their temperature measurement range is very wide. This type of thermometer has high accuracy and is mostly used for precision measurements. 2. Resistance thermometer: Divided into metal resistance thermometers and semiconductor resistance thermometers, both are made based on the characteristic that resistance value changes with temperature. Metal thermometers mainly use pure metals such as platinum, gold, copper, and nickel, as well as rhodium-iron and phosphor bronze alloys; semiconductor thermometers mainly use carbon, germanium, etc. Resistance thermometers are easy to use and reliable, and have been widely applied. 3. Thermocouple thermometer: It is a temperature-measuring instrument widely used in industry. It is made using the thermoelectric effect. Two different metal wires are welded together to form the measuring junction, and the other two ends are connected to a measuring instrument to form a circuit. When the measuring junction is placed at the temperature to be measured, if there is a temperature difference between the measuring junction and the free end, an electromotive force will appear, causing current to flow through the loop. By measuring electrical quantities and using the known temperature at one point, the temperature at another point can be determined. It is suitable for use between two substances with a large temperature difference, mostly used for high-temperature and low-turbidity measurements. 4. Dial thermometer: It is a thermometer shaped like an instrument panel, also known as a maximum-minimum thermometer, used to measure room temperature. It is made using the principle of thermal expansion and contraction of metals. It uses a bimetallic strip as the temperature-sensing element to control the pointer. The bimetallic strip is usually made by riveting a copper strip and an iron strip together, with the copper strip on the left and the iron strip on the right. Since the thermal expansion and contraction effect of copper is much more obvious than that of iron, when the temperature rises, the copper strip pulls the iron strip to bend to the right, and the pointer deflects to the right (pointing to high temperature) driven by the bimetallic strip; conversely, when the temperature drops, the pointer deflects to the left driven by the bimetallic strip. 5. Glass tube thermometer: Glass tube thermometers utilize the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to achieve temperature measurement. Due to the different expansion coefficients, boiling points, and freezing points of the temperature-measuring media, the common glass tube thermometers mainly include: kerosene thermometers, mercury thermometers, and red ink thermometers. Its advantages are simple structure, ease of use, relatively high measurement accuracy, and low price. The disadvantages are that the upper and lower measurement limits and accuracy are limited by the quality of the glass and the properties of the temperature-measuring medium. Moreover, it cannot transmit signals over long distances and is fragile. 6. Pressure thermometer: Pressure thermometers use the volume expansion or pressure change generated by heating liquid, gas, or saturated vapor in a closed container as the measurement signal. Its basic structure consists of three parts: a temperature bulb, a capillary tube, and an indicator gauge. The advantages of pressure thermometers are: simple structure, high mechanical strength, and resistance to vibration. Low price and no need for external energy. The disadvantages are: limited temperature measurement range; large heat loss and slow response time. 10. Mercury thermometer is a type of expansion thermometer. It can only be used as a local monitoring instrument. Using it to measure temperature is not only simple and intuitive but also avoids the errors associated with remote transmission thermometers.

ortofon electrical component features

Mercury switches achieve switching on and off based on the movement of mercury encapsulated within a glass or metal housing. Therefore, compared with mechanical switches, mercury switches have many features: (1) Can be used in harsh environmental conditions. Since the mercury switch is sealed, the internal mercury is isolated from the outside, so it can be used in environments with oil, steam, dust, and corrosive gases. (2) Small external force required for switching. Mercury is the only metal that remains liquid at room temperature. It has high surface tension and specific gravity. Only a slight external force is needed to tilt the mercury switch, allowing the mercury to move and achieve switching. (3) Mercury has good conductivity, and the contact resistance between the electrodes of the mercury switch is generally very small. (4) The current allowed to pass through the mercury switch depends on the electrode material. (5) Since the switching of the mercury switch is determined by the gravity of the mercury, it can work reliably for a long time. (6) The electrode contacts are liquid contacts, producing no noise. (7) Since mercury can flow, as long as the acceleration exceeds the set value, the mercury switch can turn on or off, so it can be used as a vibration-sensitive element. (8) Small size, diverse forms, and fully sealed device. (9) Simple structure and low price. (10) High quality, premium product, suitable for beginners.

ortofon electrical component principle

The main principle of a diode is to utilize the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction. Adding leads and packaging to the PN junction forms a diode. A crystal diode is a PN junction formed by P-type semiconductor and N-type semiconductor. A space charge layer is formed on both sides of its interface, and a built-in electric field is established. When there is no external voltage, it is in an electrical equilibrium state because the diffusion current caused by the carrier concentration difference on both sides of the PN junction is equal to the drift current caused by the built-in electric field. When there is a forward voltage bias from the outside, the mutual cancellation effect of the external electric field and the built-in electric field increases the diffusion current of carriers, causing a forward current. When there is a reverse voltage bias from the outside, the external electric field and the built-in electric field are further strengthened, forming a reverse saturation current within a certain reverse voltage range that is independent of the reverse bias voltage value. When the applied reverse voltage reaches a certain level, the electric field intensity in the space charge layer of the PN junction reaches a critical value, causing a carrier multiplication process. This generates a large number of electron-hole pairs, resulting in a large reverse breakdown current, known as the diode breakdown phenomenon. The reverse breakdown of the PN junction is divided into Zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown.

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