PARAT electrical components Germany PARAT model PARAT price

PARAT electrical components are instruments that measure by converting high primary current to low secondary current based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A current transformer consists of a closed iron core and windings. Its primary winding has very few turns and is connected in series in the circuit where the current needs to be measured. Therefore, the full line current often flows through it. The secondary winding has more turns and is connected in series in the measuring instrument and protection circuits. When the current transformer is in operation, its secondary circuit is always closed, so the impedance of the measuring instrument and the protection circuit series coil is very small, and the operating state of the current transformer is close to a short circuit. The current transformer converts high primary current to low secondary current for measurement; the secondary side must not be open-circuited. The principle of the current transformer is based on electromagnetic induction. A current transformer consists of a closed iron core and windings. Its primary winding has very few turns and is connected in series in the circuit where the current needs to be measured, so the full line current often flows through it. The secondary winding has more turns and is connected in series in the measuring instrument and protection circuits. When the current transformer is in operation, its secondary circuit is always closed, so the impedance of the measuring instrument and the protection circuit series coil is very small, and the operating state of the current transformer is close to a short circuit.

PARAT electrical component composition

A multimeter consists of three main parts: the meter head, the measuring circuit, and the selector switch. The multimeter is the most basic tool in the field of electronic testing and is also a widely used test instrument. The multimeter is also called a multi-meter, triple-meter (A, V, Ω, i.e., current, voltage, and resistance), multiplex meter, or universal meter. Multimeters are divided into analog multimeters and digital multimeters. There is also an oscilloscope multimeter with oscilloscope functions, which is a multifunctional, multi-range measuring instrument. General multimeters can measure DC current, DC voltage, AC voltage, resistance, and audio levels. Some can also measure AC current, capacitance, inductance, temperature, and some parameters of semiconductors (diodes, transistors). Digital multimeters have become mainstream and have replaced analog instruments. Compared with analog instruments, digital instruments have higher sensitivity, higher accuracy, clearer display, stronger overload capacity, are easier to carry, and are more convenient and simple to use.

PARAT electrical component performance

(1) Electromotive force: Electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of two electrodes. (2) Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated based on the amount of active electrode material in the battery reaction equation and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions in the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of the battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. (3) Rated voltage: The typical working voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as nominal voltage. It is a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual working voltage of a battery equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes under different usage conditions. It is only related to the type of electrode active material and not to the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain phase-forming films caused by electrode reactions can cause slight voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of the fluctuation is very small, but the frequency range is very wide, so it can be distinguished from self-excited noise in the circuit. (4) Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows through the two poles). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is denoted by V. The open-circuit voltage of a battery is generally less than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two poles in the electrolyte solution are usually not equilibrium electrode potentials but stable electrode potentials. It can be approximately considered that the open-circuit voltage of a battery is its electromotive force. (5) Internal resistance: The internal resistance of a battery refers to the resistance encountered when current passes through the inside of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance. Polarization internal resistance includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the existence of internal resistance, the working voltage of a battery is always less than the electromotive force or open-circuit voltage of the battery. The internal resistance of a battery is not constant; it changes continuously (gradually increases) over time during charging and discharging because the composition of active materials, the concentration of the electrolyte, and the temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law. Polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but it is not a linear relationship. It often increases with increasing current density. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance; it directly affects the working voltage, working current, output energy, and power of the battery. For a battery, the smaller the internal resistance, the better. (6) Impedance: A battery has a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so the battery can be equivalent to a series circuit of a large capacitor with a small resistor and inductor. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since the impedance of the battery changes with time and DC level. The measured impedance is only valid for the specific measurement state. (7) Charge/discharge rate: There are two representation methods: hour rate and C-rate. The hour rate is the charge/discharge rate expressed by charge/discharge time, numerically equal to the number of hours obtained by dividing the rated capacity of the battery (ampere-hours) by the specified charge/discharge current (amperes). The C-rate is another way to express the charge/discharge rate, and its value is the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of a primary battery is expressed by the time it takes to discharge through a fixed resistor to the cutoff voltage. The discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. (8) Service life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture to the start of use, measured in years. The total period including the storage period and the usage period is called the validity period of the battery. The storage life of batteries is divided into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the charge/discharge cycle test regime must also be specified, including charge/discharge rate, depth of discharge, and ambient temperature range. (9) Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity on its own during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge per unit storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

PARAT electrical component types

Inductors can be made by winding conductive material, typically copper wire, around a magnetic core. The magnetic core can also be removed or replaced with ferromagnetic material. Core materials with higher permeability than air can constrain the magnetic field more tightly around the inductor component, thereby increasing inductance. There are many types of inductors. Most are made with enamel-coated coils wound around ferrite bobbins, while some shielded inductors place the coil completely inside the ferrite. The cores of some inductor components are adjustable, allowing the inductance value to be changed. Small inductors can be directly etched onto PCB boards using a method of laying out spiral traces. Small-value inductors can also be manufactured in integrated circuits using the same processes used to manufacture transistors. In these applications, aluminum interconnects are often used as conductive material. Regardless of the method, due to practical constraints, the most commonly used approach is a circuit called a "gyrator," which uses a capacitor and active components to exhibit the same characteristics as an inductor component. Inductor components used to block high frequencies are often constructed from a metal wire passing through a magnetic column or magnetic bead.

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