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pc electric electrical components are resistive elements with three terminals, whose resistance can be adjusted according to a specific variation pattern. A potentiometer typically consists of a resistive element and a movable wiper. As the wiper moves along the resistive element, a resistance value or voltage proportional to the displacement is obtained at the output. Potentiometers can be used as three-terminal or two-terminal components. The latter can be regarded as a variable resistor; since its role in the circuit is to obtain an output voltage related to the input voltage (applied voltage), it is called a potentiometer. A potentiometer is a type of variable resistor. It usually consists of a resistive element and a rotating or sliding system, where a moving contact moves on the resistive element to obtain a partial voltage output. The function of a potentiometer is to adjust voltage (including DC voltage and signal voltage) and current. Structural features of potentiometers: The resistive element of a potentiometer has two fixed terminals. By manually adjusting the shaft or slider, the position of the moving contact on the resistive element is changed, thereby altering the resistance between the moving contact and either fixed terminal, which in turn changes the voltage and current. A potentiometer is an adjustable electronic component. It consists of a resistive element and a rotating or sliding system. When a voltage is applied across the two fixed contacts of the resistive element, rotating or sliding the system changes the position of the contact on the resistive element, yielding a voltage between the moving contact and the fixed contact that is related to the position of the moving contact. It is mostly used as a voltage divider, in which case the potentiometer is a four-terminal component. A potentiometer is essentially a sliding rheostat, available in several styles, generally used for volume control in speakers and power adjustment for laser heads. A potentiometer is an adjustable electronic component. It is a variable resistor used for voltage division. One or two movable metal contacts are pressed tightly against the exposed resistive element. The contact position determines the resistance between either end of the resistive element and the contact. Classified by material: wire-wound, carbon film, and solid-core potentiometers. Classified by the relationship between the output-to-input voltage ratio and the rotation angle: linear potentiometers (linear relationship) and functional potentiometers (curvilinear relationship). Main parameters include resistance, tolerance, and rated power. Widely used in electronic equipment, such as for volume control in audio systems and receivers.

pc electric electrical component principles

A resistor consists of three parts: the resistive element, the backbone, and the leads (in solid-core resistors, the resistive element and backbone are combined into one), but only the resistive element determines the resistance. The volt-ampere characteristic is represented by a graphical curve showing the relationship between voltage and current at the resistor terminals. When voltage and current are proportional (the characteristic is a straight line), it is called a linear resistor; otherwise, it is called a non-linear resistor. The maximum power dissipation allowed for continuous operation of the resistor at the rated temperature (maximum ambient temperature) tR. For each type of resistor, a maximum working voltage is also specified; that is, even if the rated power is not reached, the maximum working voltage must not be exceeded when the resistance is high. The rated power of a resistor refers to the maximum power it is allowed to consume during long-term continuous operation in DC or AC circuits. Load characteristics: When the ambient temperature is below tR, the resistor must not exceed its rated power; when it exceeds tR, the load power must be derated. Each type of resistor has specified load characteristics. In addition, the allowable load decreases under low atmospheric pressure. Under pulse load conditions, the average pulse power is much lower than the rated power, and separate specifications usually apply.

pc electric electrical component performance

(1) Electromotive force: Electromotive force is the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of two electrodes. (2) Rated capacity: The theoretical capacity of a battery can be precisely calculated based on the amount of active electrode material in the battery reaction equation and the electrochemical equivalent of the active material calculated according to Faraday's law. Due to possible side reactions in the battery and special design requirements, the actual capacity of the battery is often lower than the theoretical capacity. (3) Rated voltage: The typical operating voltage of a battery at room temperature, also known as the nominal voltage. It serves as a reference when selecting different types of batteries. The actual operating voltage of a battery equals the difference between the equilibrium electrode potentials of the positive and negative electrodes under different usage conditions. It depends only on the type of electrode active material, not on the quantity of active material. Battery voltage is essentially DC voltage, but under certain special conditions, phase changes in metal crystals or certain formation films caused by electrode reactions can cause minor voltage fluctuations, a phenomenon known as noise. The amplitude of the fluctuation is very small, but the frequency range is wide, distinguishing it from self-excited noise in circuits. (4) Open-circuit voltage: The terminal voltage of a battery in an open-circuit state is called the open-circuit voltage. The open-circuit voltage of a battery equals the difference between the electrode potential of the positive electrode and that of the negative electrode when the battery is in an open circuit (i.e., no current flows through the two poles). The open-circuit voltage of a battery is denoted by V open. The open-circuit voltage of a battery is generally less than its electromotive force. This is because the electrode potentials established by the two poles in the electrolyte solution are usually not equilibrium electrode potentials, but stable electrode potentials. Generally, the open-circuit voltage of a battery can be approximated as its electromotive force. (5) Internal resistance: The internal resistance of a battery refers to the resistance encountered when current flows through the interior of the battery. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance; polarization internal resistance further includes electrochemical polarization internal resistance and concentration polarization internal resistance. Due to the presence of internal resistance, the operating voltage of a battery is always less than its electromotive force or open-circuit voltage. The internal resistance of a battery is not constant; it changes continuously over time (gradually increasing) during charging and discharging, because the composition of active materials, the concentration of the electrolyte, and the temperature are constantly changing. Ohmic internal resistance obeys Ohm's law. Polarization internal resistance increases with increasing current density, but not in a linear relationship; it commonly increases as current density increases. Internal resistance is an important indicator determining battery performance, directly affecting the battery's operating voltage, operating current, output energy, and power. For a battery, the smaller the internal resistance, the better. (6) Impedance: Batteries have a large electrode-electrolyte interface area, so a battery can be equivalent to a series circuit of a large capacitor with a small resistor and inductor. However, the actual situation is much more complex, especially since battery impedance changes with time and DC level; the measured impedance is only valid for the specific measurement state. (7) Charge/discharge rate: There are two representation methods: hour rate and C-rate. The hour rate expresses the charge/discharge rate in terms of charge/discharge time; numerically, it equals the battery's rated capacity (ampere-hours) divided by the specified charge/discharge current (amperes), resulting in hours. The C-rate is another way to express the charge/discharge rate, and its value is the reciprocal of the hour rate. The discharge rate of a primary battery is expressed by the time it takes to discharge through a fixed resistor to the cutoff voltage. Discharge rate has a significant impact on battery performance. (8) Service life: Storage life refers to the maximum allowable storage time from battery manufacture to the start of use, measured in years. The total period, including both the storage period and the usage period, is called the battery's validity period. The service life of storage batteries is divided into dry storage life and wet storage life. Cycle life is the maximum number of charge/discharge cycles a rechargeable battery can achieve under specified conditions. When specifying cycle life, the test protocol for charge/discharge cycles must also be defined, including charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge, and ambient temperature ranges. (9) Self-discharge rate: The rate at which a battery loses capacity spontaneously during storage. It is expressed as the percentage of capacity lost due to self-discharge per unit of storage time relative to the capacity before storage.

pc electric electrical component composition

A multimeter consists mainly of three parts: the meter head, the measuring circuit, and the selector switch. The multimeter is the most basic tool in the field of electronic testing and is also a widely used test instrument. Also known as a multi-meter, triple-meter (A, V, Ω, i.e., current, voltage, and resistance), multiplex meter, or universal meter, multimeters are divided into analog multimeters and digital multimeters. There is also an oscilloscope multimeter with oscilloscope functions, which is a multifunctional, multi-range measuring instrument. General multimeters can measure DC current, DC voltage, AC voltage, resistance, and audio levels; some can also measure AC current, capacitance, inductance, temperature, and certain parameters of semiconductors (diodes, transistors). Digital multimeters have become mainstream, replacing analog instruments. Compared to analog instruments, digital instruments offer higher sensitivity, higher accuracy, clearer display, stronger overload capacity, and are easier to carry and use.

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