Pieper electrical components Germany Pieper model Pieper price

Pieper electrical components are devices that change AC voltage using the principle of electromagnetic induction. The main components are the primary coil, secondary coil, and iron core (magnetic core). Main functions include: voltage transformation, current transformation, impedance transformation, isolation, and voltage stabilization (magnetic saturation transformer). Transformers can be classified by application into: distribution transformers, power transformers, fully sealed transformers, combined transformers, dry-type transformers, oil-immersed transformers, single-phase transformers, electric furnace transformers, rectifier transformers, reactors, anti-interference transformers, lightning protection transformers, box-type substation test transformers, phase-shifting transformers, high-current transformers, excitation transformers, etc.

Pieper electrical component principles

The thermistor will remain in a non-tripped state for extended periods; when the ambient temperature and current are in the c region, the heat dissipation power of the thermistor is close to its heat generation power, so it may or may not trip. For a given ambient temperature, the tripping time of the thermistor decreases sharply as the current increases; at relatively higher ambient temperatures, the thermistor has shorter tripping times and lower holding and tripping currents. The PTC effect refers to a material exhibiting the PTC effect, i.e., the positive temperature coefficient effect, meaning that the electrical resistance of the material increases with rising temperature. For example, most metallic materials exhibit the PTC effect. In these materials, the PTC effect manifests as a linear increase in resistance with increasing temperature, which is commonly referred to as the linear PTC effect. Nonlinear PTC effect: Materials undergoing a phase transition exhibit a phenomenon where resistance increases sharply by several to more than ten orders of magnitude within a narrow temperature range, known as the nonlinear PTC effect. Many types of conductive polymers exhibit this effect, such as polymeric PTC thermistors. These conductive polymers are very useful for manufacturing overcurrent protection devices. Polymeric PTC thermistors are used for overcurrent protection and are often referred to as resettable fuses (hereinafter referred to as thermistors). Due to their unique positive temperature coefficient resistance characteristics, they are highly suitable as overcurrent protection devices. The method of using a thermistor is similar to that of a conventional fuse: it is connected in series in the circuit. When the circuit operates normally, the thermistor's temperature is close to room temperature and its resistance is very low, so connecting it in series does not impede current flow. However, when an overcurrent occurs due to a fault, the increased heat generation causes the thermistor's temperature to rise. When the temperature exceeds the switching temperature, the resistance increases dramatically, rapidly reducing the current in the circuit to a safe value. After the thermistor trips, the current in the circuit drops significantly; t is the tripping time of the thermistor. Due to the good design flexibility of polymeric PTC thermistors, their sensitivity to temperature can be adjusted by changing their switching temperature (ts), allowing them to provide both overtemperature and overcurrent protection. They are suitable for overcurrent and overtemperature protection of lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Influence of ambient temperature on polymeric PTC thermistors: A polymeric PTC thermistor is a directly heated, step-type thermistor. Its resistance change process is related to its own heat generation and dissipation conditions, so its holding current, tripping current, and tripping time are affected by ambient temperature.

Pieper electrical component classification

Classification by material: a, wire-wound resistors are made by winding resistance wire around an insulating skeleton, coated with a heat-resistant glaze insulation layer or insulating paint. Wire-wound resistors have a low temperature coefficient, high resistance accuracy, good stability, heat and corrosion resistance, and are mainly used as precision high-power resistors. The disadvantage is poor high-frequency performance and a large time constant. b, carbon composition resistors are made by pressing carbon and synthetic plastic. c, carbon film resistors are made by depositing a layer of carbon on a ceramic tube, forming crystalline carbon on a ceramic rod skeleton. Carbon film resistors have low cost, stable performance, wide resistance range, low temperature and voltage coefficients, and are currently the most widely used resistors. d, metal film resistors are made by depositing a layer of metal on a ceramic tube, evaporating alloy materials onto the surface of a ceramic rod skeleton using vacuum evaporation. Metal film resistors have higher accuracy, better stability, lower noise, and smaller temperature coefficients than carbon film resistors. They are widely used in instruments and communication equipment. e, metal oxide film resistors are made by depositing a layer of tin oxide on a ceramic tube, depositing a layer of metal oxide on an insulating rod. Since they are oxides themselves, they are stable at high temperatures, resistant to thermal shock, and have strong load capacity. Classified by application, there are general-purpose, precision, high-frequency, high-voltage, high-resistance, high-power, and resistor networks.

Pieper electrical component principles

Bipolar junction transistors are divided into two types by material: germanium tubes and silicon tubes. Each type has two structural forms: NPN and PNP. However, the most commonly used are silicon NPN and germanium PNP transistors. (Among them, N means negative; N-type semiconductors are formed by adding phosphorus to high-purity silicon to replace some silicon atoms, generating free electrons for conduction under voltage stimulation. P means positive, formed by adding boron to replace silicon, creating many holes conducive to conduction). Apart from different power supply polarities, their working principles are the same. Below, only the current amplification principle of NPN silicon tubes is introduced. An NPN tube consists of 9 pieces of N-type semiconductor sandwiching one piece of P-type semiconductor. The PN junction formed between the emitter region and the base region is called the emitter junction, and the PN junction formed between the collector region and the base region is called the collector junction. The three leads are called the emitter e, base b, and collector c. When the potential at point b is a few tenths of a volt higher than at point e, the emitter junction is forward-biased. When the potential at point C is a few volts higher than at point b, the collector junction is reverse-biased, and the collector power supply Ec must be higher than the base power supply Eb. During transistor manufacturing, the majority carrier concentration in the emitter region is intentionally made greater than in the base region. At the same time, the base region is made very thin, and impurity content is strictly controlled. Thus, once power is connected, due to the forward bias of the emitter junction, the majority carriers in the emitter region (electrons) and the majority carriers in the base region (holes) easily diffuse across the emitter junction towards each other. However, since the former's concentration is much greater than the latter's, the current through the emitter junction is basically electron flow, known as emitter electron flow.

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