PPRELEKTRO electrical components Germany PPRELEKTRO model PPRELEKTRO price

PPRELEKTRO electrical components consist of wire wound turn by turn around an insulating tube. The wires are mutually insulated, and the insulating tube can be hollow or contain an iron core or magnetic powder core. An inductor coil is a device that operates based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When current flows through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field around the wire, and this electromagnetic field induces effects on the wire itself within the field range. The effect on the wire generating the electromagnetic field is called "self-inductance," meaning the changing current produced by the wire itself generates a changing magnetic field, which further affects the current in the wire; the effect on other wires within this electromagnetic field range is called "mutual inductance." The electrical characteristics of an inductor coil are opposite to those of a capacitor: it "passes low frequencies and blocks high frequencies." High-frequency signals encounter significant resistance when passing through an inductor coil and struggle to pass; whereas the resistance presented to low-frequency signals is relatively small, allowing them to pass more easily. The resistance of an inductor coil to direct current is nearly zero. Resistance, capacitance, and inductance all present a certain resistance to the flow of electrical signals in a circuit, which we call "impedance." The impedance presented by an inductor coil to current signals utilizes the coil's self-inductance. Inductor coils are sometimes abbreviated as "inductance" or "coil," represented by the letter "L." When winding an inductor coil, the number of turns wound is generally referred to as the coil's "number of turns."

PPRELEKTRO electrical component features

A solid-state relay is a contactless electronic switch with isolation functionality. It has no mechanical contact parts during switching. Therefore, in addition to having the same functions as electromagnetic relays, solid-state relays offer logic circuit compatibility, vibration and mechanical shock resistance, unrestricted installation positions, good moisture, mold, and corrosion resistance, and excellent performance in explosion-proofing and preventing ozone pollution. They feature low input power, high sensitivity, low control power, good electromagnetic compatibility, low noise, and high operating frequency. With no internal mechanical parts and a fully sealed potting structure, solid-state relays offer advantages such as vibration resistance, corrosion resistance, long service life, and high reliability. AC solid-state relays use zero-crossing triggering technology, resulting in short switching times, making them suitable for higher frequency applications. Optical isolation is used between the input and output circuits, resulting in very low input power consumption. The output terminal includes a protection circuit and strong load capacity.

PPRELEKTRO electrical component characteristics

The static characteristics of a sensor refer to the relationship between the output and input quantities for static input signals. Since the input and output quantities are independent of time in this case, their relationship, i.e., the static characteristics of the sensor, can be described by an algebraic equation without time variables, or by a characteristic curve plotted with the input quantity as the abscissa and the corresponding output quantity as the ordinate. The main parameters characterizing the static characteristics of a sensor include: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drift, etc. (1) Linearity: Refers to the degree to which the actual relationship curve between the sensor's output and input deviates from the fitted straight line. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum deviation between the actual characteristic curve and the fitted straight line over the full scale range to the full-scale output value. (2) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is an important indicator of a sensor's static characteristics. It is defined as the ratio of the increment in the output quantity to the corresponding increment in the input quantity that causes this change. S is used to represent sensitivity. (3) Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon where the input-output characteristic curves do not coincide when the input quantity changes from small to large (forward stroke) and from large to small (reverse stroke). For the same magnitude of input signal, the output signals for the forward and reverse strokes are not equal; this difference is called the hysteresis error. (4) Repeatability: Repeatability refers to the degree of inconsistency in the characteristic curves obtained when the sensor's input quantity undergoes continuous multiple full-scale changes in the same direction. (5) Drift: Sensor drift refers to the phenomenon where the sensor's output changes over time while the input remains constant. There are two main causes of drift: one is the sensor's own structural parameters; the other is the surrounding environment (such as temperature, humidity, etc.). (6) Resolution: When the sensor's input increases slowly from a non-zero value, an observable change in output occurs after exceeding a certain increment. This input increment is called the sensor's resolution, i.e., the minimum input increment. (7) Threshold: When the sensor's input increases slowly from zero, an observable change in output occurs after reaching a certain value. This input value is called the sensor's threshold voltage.

PPRELEKTRO electrical component principles

The alternating current generated by an automotive alternator is converted into direct current by a rectifier, but its waveform still exhibits irregular fluctuations, directly affecting the accuracy of vehicle ignition. The inability to maintain a relatively constant output voltage causes differences in spark plug ignition energy, leading to engine jitter, gear shift hesitation, sluggish acceleration, unstable idle speed, and reduced efficiency of the car air conditioning. This significantly reduces the performance and service life of onboard electrical equipment. Additionally, aging circuit systems in older vehicles and increased circuit impedance make the impact on the vehicle increasingly apparent. The role of an electronic rectifier is to help eliminate noise interference, stabilize output voltage, improve the instantaneous discharge capability of the power system, increase torque output, accelerate throttle response, extend battery life, shorten engine start-up time, and improve ignition efficiency, with particularly noticeable effects on small-displacement vehicles. A semiconductor PN junction conducts high current under forward bias and low current under reverse bias. A rectifier diode is a PN junction diode that utilizes this unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction to convert alternating current into direct current. Devices with a current capacity below 1 amperes are typically called rectifier diodes, while those above 6 amperes are called rectifiers. Common semiconductor rectifiers include silicon rectifiers and selenium rectifiers, available in many specifications, with voltages ranging from tens to thousands of volts and currents from a few amperes to thousands of amperes. Rectifiers are widely used in various forms of rectified power supplies. High-power rectified power supplies require rectifiers with large current capacity, high breakdown voltage, and good heat dissipation. However, these devices have large junction areas and high junction capacitance, resulting in very low operating frequencies, generally below tens of kilohertz. Silicon material has a wide bandgap and good thermal conductivity, making it suitable for manufacturing high-power rectification devices. High-voltage silicon stacks are often used in high-voltage rectification units. They consist of multiple rectifier die connected in series. Their reverse withstand voltage is determined by the withstand voltage of the die and the number of series-connected die, with maximum withstand voltages reaching hundreds of kilovolts. If a high-frequency rectification circuit is used at very high frequencies, when the period of the AC voltage is comparable to the recovery time of the rectifier from on-state to off-state, the rectifier no longer performs rectification on the high-frequency voltage. To adapt to high-frequency operation, gold doping is typically used in silicon rectifiers to shorten the lifetime of injected minority carriers, thereby reducing recovery time. To reduce the possibility of damage due to overvoltage breakdown and improve the reliability of rectification devices, silicon avalanche rectifiers can be used. In these devices, when the reverse voltage exceeds the allowable peak value, uniform avalanche breakdown occurs across the entire PN junction, allowing the device to operate under high voltage and high current, thus withstanding considerable reverse surge power. Manufacturing these devices requires materials with few defects, uniform resistivity, and flat junction surfaces. Exposed junction areas should also be properly protected to prevent surface breakdown. Selenium rectifiers have high overload capacity and strong ability to withstand reverse surge power. In the two basic types of rectifiers based on high-power diodes or thyristors, high-voltage AC power from the grid is converted into DC power by the rectifier.

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