PROTHERM electrical components German PROTHERM models PROTHERM prices

PROTHERM electrical components are devices that convert alternating current into direct current, and can be used in power supply units and for detecting radio signals, among other applications. Rectifiers can be made from vacuum tubes, ignitrons, solid-state silicon semiconductor diodes, mercury arcs, etc. Conversely, a device that converts direct current into alternating current is called an "inverter". In standby UPS systems, only battery charging is required, not power supply to the load, so only a charger is present. In double-conversion UPS systems, this device supplies power to the inverter and also charges the battery, hence it is called a rectifier/charger. A rectifier is a rectification device; simply put, it is a device that converts AC to DC. It has two main functions: first, to convert AC to DC, which is then filtered and supplied to the load or to the inverter; second, to provide charging voltage to the battery. Therefore, it also serves as a charger.

PROTHERM electrical component features

Most microphones are electret condenser microphones (ECM), a technology with a history spanning several decades. The operating principle of ECM utilizes a polymer diaphragm with permanently isolated charge. Compared to the polymer diaphragm of ECM, MEMS microphones exhibit stable performance across different temperatures and are unaffected by temperature, vibration, humidity, and time. Due to their strong heat resistance, MEMS microphones can withstand high-temperature reflow soldering without any change in performance. Since the sensitivity change before and after assembly is minimal, this can even save on audio debugging costs during the manufacturing process. Currently, integrated circuit processes are increasingly being applied in the manufacture of sensors and sensor interface ICs. This microfabrication process offers advantages such as precision, design flexibility, miniaturization, integration with signal processing circuits, low cost, and mass production. A fundamental resonant frequency in such a low frequency range would result in highly uneven frequency response within the audible frequency range for the microphone, which is unacceptable for microphone applications. When tensile stress exists within the sensitive membrane, its resonant frequency increases, but at the cost of sensitivity. Of course, higher fundamental resonant frequencies can be achieved by adjusting the dimensions of the sensitive membrane, but this will still reduce sensitivity. Thus, piezoresistive schemes are not suitable for the manufacture of miniature microphones. A viable solution is to adopt a capacitive scheme for manufacturing miniature microphones. The advantage of this method is that all materials used in integrated circuit manufacturing processes can be utilized for sensor fabrication. However, manufacturing MEMS microphones using single-chip processes is quite challenging because the air gap between the two capacitor plates must be very small. Moreover, due to size constraints, bias voltage requirements are difficult to meet in some applications. Due to these issues, research on capacitive microphones has continued uninterrupted. Compared to traditional electret microphones, MEMS microphones offer advantages such as small size, good heat resistance, good consistency, good stability, high reliability, and resistance to RF interference. They can also output digital signals, facilitating intelligent development.

PROTHERM electrical component composition

A two-terminal electronic component made of resistive material, with a specific structural form, capable of limiting current flow in a circuit. Those with unchangeable resistance values are called fixed resistors. Those with variable resistance values are called potentiometers or variable resistors. An ideal resistor is linear, meaning the instantaneous current through the resistor is proportional to the applied instantaneous voltage. Some special resistors, such as thermistors, varistors, and sensitive elements, have a non-linear relationship between voltage and current. Resistors are the most numerous components used in electronic circuits, typically forming different series based on power and resistance values for selection by circuit designers. In circuits, resistors are mainly used to adjust and stabilize current and voltage; they can serve as shunts and voltage dividers, and also as matched loads for circuits. Depending on circuit requirements, they can also be used for negative or positive feedback in amplifier circuits, voltage-to-current conversion, or as voltage or current protection elements during input overload. They can also form RC circuits to serve as oscillation, filtering, bypass, differentiation, integration, and time constant elements, among others.

PROTHERM electrical component principles

An NPN type bipolar transistor can be viewed as two diodes joined together with a common anode. During normal operation of a bipolar transistor, the base-emitter junction is forward-biased, while the base-collector junction is reverse-biased. Without external voltage, the electron concentration in the N region of the emitter junction is greater than that in the P region, causing some electrons to diffuse into the P region. Similarly, some holes from the P region will diffuse into the N region. Thus, a space charge region forms at the emitter junction, generating an internal electric field directed from the N region to the P region. This field hinders further diffusion, achieving dynamic equilibrium. At this point, if a forward voltage is applied to the emitter junction, the dynamic balance between carrier diffusion and the internal electric field in the depletion layer is broken, causing thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. In an NPN type transistor, the base region is P doped, where holes are the majority carriers; thus, electrons in this region are called "minority carriers". Electrons injected from the emitter into the base region partly recombine with the majority carrier holes there. On the other hand, due to the low doping level and thin physical dimension of the base region, and because the collector junction is reverse-biased, most electrons reach the collector region via drift motion, forming the collector current. To minimize recombination before electrons reach the collector junction, the base region of the transistor must be made sufficiently thin so that the time required for carrier diffusion is shorter than the lifetime of semiconductor minority carriers, and the base thickness must be much smaller than the electron diffusion length. In modern bipolar transistors, the typical base region thickness is a few tenths of a micron. It should be noted that although both the collector and emitter are N doped, their doping levels and physical properties differ; therefore, a bipolar transistor must be distinguished from two diodes connected in series in opposite directions.

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