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setec electrical components are instruments that convert high primary current to low secondary current for measurement based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A current transformer consists of a closed iron core and windings. Its primary winding has very few turns and is connected in series in the circuit where the current needs to be measured. Therefore, the full line current often flows through it. The secondary winding has more turns and is connected in series in the measuring instrument and protection circuits. When the current transformer is in operation, its secondary circuit is always closed, so the impedance of the coils connected in series with the measuring instrument and protection circuit is very small, and the operating state of the current transformer is close to a short circuit. The current transformer converts high primary current to low secondary current for measurement; the secondary side must not be open-circuited. The principle of the current transformer is based on electromagnetic induction. A current transformer consists of a closed iron core and windings. Its primary winding has very few turns and is connected in series in the circuit where the current needs to be measured, so the full line current often flows through it. The secondary winding has more turns and is connected in series in the measuring instrument and protection circuits. When the current transformer is in operation, its secondary circuit is always closed, so the impedance of the coils connected in series with the measuring instrument and protection circuit is very small, and the operating state of the current transformer is close to a short circuit.

setec electrical components applications

The most basic application of ordinary thyristors is controlled rectification. The familiar diode rectifier circuit belongs to uncontrolled rectification circuits. If diodes are replaced with thyristors, a controlled rectification circuit can be formed. Taking the simplest single-phase half-wave controlled rectification circuit as an example, during the positive half-cycle of the sinusoidal AC voltage U2, if there is no input trigger pulse Ug at the control gate of VS, VS still cannot conduct. Only when U2 is in the positive half-cycle and an external trigger pulse Ug is applied to the control gate, the thyristor is triggered to conduct. Draw its waveforms (c) and (d); only when the trigger pulse Ug arrives, will there be voltage UL output across the load RL. If Ug arrives early, the thyristor conducts earlier; if Ug arrives late, the thyristor conducts later. By changing the arrival time of the trigger pulse Ug at the control gate, the average value of the output voltage UL across the load can be adjusted. In electrical engineering technology, half a cycle of AC is often defined as 180°, called the electrical angle. Thus, in each positive half-cycle of U2, the electrical angle experienced from the zero value to the instant the trigger pulse arrives is called the control angle α; the electrical angle during which the thyristor conducts in each positive half-cycle is called the conduction angle θ. Obviously, both α and θ are used to indicate the conduction or blocking range of the thyristor during the half-cycle when it withstands forward voltage. By changing the control angle α or the conduction angle θ, the average value of the pulsed DC voltage UL across the load is changed, achieving controlled rectification. Low-power plastic-packaged bidirectional triacs are typically used in sound and light-controlled lighting systems. Rated current is less than 10A. Large and medium-power plastic-packaged and metal-can packaged thyristors are typically used in power-type controlled voltage regulation circuits, such as adjustable output DC power supplies, etc. High-power high-frequency thyristors are typically used in industry, such as in high-frequency melting furnaces, etc.

setec electrical components applications

The collector-emitter current can be regarded as being controlled by the base-emitter current, which is equivalent to viewing the bipolar junction transistor as a "current-controlled" device. It can also be viewed as being controlled by the emitter-base junction voltage, i.e., regarding it as a "voltage-controlled" device. In fact, these two perspectives are interrelated through the current-voltage relationship across the base-emitter junction, which can be represented by the current-voltage curve of the PN junction. In analog circuit design, the current-controlled perspective is sometimes adopted because, within a certain range, the bipolar junction transistor exhibits approximately linear characteristics. Within this range (referred to below as the "active region"), the collector current is approximately equal to a multiple of the base current, which greatly facilitates problem analysis and control of circuit functions. When designing some basic circuits, people assume the emitter-base voltage is an approximately constant value, at which point the collector current is approximately equal to a multiple of the base current, and the transistor acts as a current amplifier. However, in reality, the bipolar junction transistor is a relatively complex nonlinear device; if the bias voltage distribution is improper, it will cause distortion of the output signal. Furthermore, even when operating within a specific range, its current amplification factor is affected by factors including temperature. To design precise and reliable bipolar junction transistor circuits, the voltage-controlled perspective must be adopted. The voltage-controlled model introduces an exponential function to describe the voltage-current relationship; within a certain range, the functional relationship is approximately linear, allowing the transistor to be treated as a conductance element. This simplifies the design of circuits such as differential amplifiers into linear problems, so the approximate voltage-controlled perspective is also frequently selected. For translinear circuits, studying their current-voltage curves is crucial for analyzing device operation, so they are typically treated as a voltage-controlled model where transconductance is proportional to the collector current. Transistor-level circuit design is mainly performed using SPICE or other similar analog circuit simulators, so the complexity of the model does not pose a significant problem for designers. However, when manually analyzing analog circuit problems, it is not always possible to adopt exact calculation methods as in classical circuit analysis, making the use of approximation methods necessary.

setec electrical components principle

It is a contactless switching device with relay characteristics that uses semiconductor devices to replace traditional electrical contacts as the switching mechanism. A single-phase solid-state relay is a four-terminal active device, with two input control terminals and two output terminals. Input and output are optically isolated. When a DC or pulse signal is applied to the input terminal and reaches a certain current value, the output terminal switches from the off state to the on state. AC solid-state relays are classified by switching method into zero-crossing turn-on type and random turn-on type; by output switching element into triac output type and anti-parallel SCR type. By installation method, they are classified into pin-type for printed circuit boards and chassis-mounted type fixed on metal baseplates. Solid-state relays can be divided into zero-voltage type and phase-control type based on the triggering form.

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