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siemens ag electrical components are common light-emitting devices that emit light by releasing energy through electron-hole recombination, and they are widely used in the lighting field. Light-emitting diodes can efficiently convert electrical energy into light energy and have extensive applications in modern society, such as in lighting, flat-panel displays, and medical devices. This electronic component first appeared in 1962, initially emitting only low-intensity red light. Later, versions emitting other monochromatic lights were developed, covering the visible spectrum, infrared, and ultraviolet ranges, with significantly increased luminous intensity. Its applications have also evolved from initial uses as indicator lights and display panels; light-emitting diodes are abbreviated as LED. They are made from compounds containing gallium, arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, and other elements. When electrons and holes recombine, they emit visible light, making them suitable for manufacturing light-emitting diodes. They serve as indicator lights in circuits and instruments or form text and numeric displays. Gallium arsenide diodes emit red light, gallium phosphide diodes emit green light, silicon carbide diodes emit yellow light, and gallium nitride diodes emit blue light. Based on chemical properties, they are classified into organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) and inorganic light-emitting diodes (LED). LED was initially used for indicative lighting in instruments and meters, later expanding to traffic signals, landscape lighting, automotive lighting, and mobile phone keypads and backlights. Subsequently, new technology for micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LED) was developed, significantly reducing the size of traditional LEDs. Arrays of independently emitting red, blue, and green micro-LEDs form display arrays for display technology applications. Micro-LEDs feature self-emissive display characteristics, offering higher efficiency, longer lifespan, and greater stability against environmental influences compared to self-emissive organic light-emitting diodes.

siemens ag electrical component types

Speakers come in many types. Based on transduction principles, they are classified as electrodynamic (moving-coil), electrostatic (capacitive), electromagnetic (reed), piezoelectric (crystal), and others; the latter two are mostly used in rural wired broadcasting networks. By frequency range, they are divided into low-frequency, mid-frequency, and high-frequency speakers, often used as combined speakers in speaker cabinets. By transduction mechanism and structure, they include moving-coil (electrodynamic), capacitive (electrostatic), piezoelectric (crystal or ceramic), electromagnetic (spring-loaded), ionophone, and pneumatic speakers. Electrodynamic speakers are widely applied due to advantages such as good electroacoustic performance, robust structure, and low cost. By sound radiation material, they are classified as cone, horn, and diaphragm types. By cone shape, they are round, oval, dual-cone, and rubber surround. By operating frequency, they are divided into bass, midrange, and treble; some are further categorized as recorder-specific, TV-specific, general-purpose, and hi-fi speakers. By voice coil impedance, they are low-impedance and high-impedance. By effect, they include direct-radiating and ambient sound types. Speakers are divided into built-in and external speakers, with external speakers commonly referred to as speaker cabinets. Built-in speakers mean that the MP4 player has integrated speakers, allowing users to listen to audio from the MP4 player not only through the headphone jack but also via the built-in speakers. MP13 players with built-in speakers can operate without external speakers and avoid the inconvenience of wearing headphones for extended periods.

siemens ag electrical component principles

Microphones have evolved from initial resistive electroacoustic conversion to inductive and capacitive conversion. Many new microphone technologies have gradually emerged, including aluminum ribbon moving-coil microphones, as well as the currently widely used condenser and electret microphones. The working principle of a moving-coil microphone involves sound waves causing the diaphragm to vibrate through air. The electromagnetic coil winding on the diaphragm cuts through the magnetic field formed by the magnet surrounding the moving-coil capsule, generating a weak fluctuating current. This current is transmitted to an amplifier, which converts the fluctuating current back into sound through the reverse process. For ribbon microphones, the aluminum ribbon serves as both the microphone diaphragm and the conductor moving within the magnetic field. The ribbon is typically made of aluminum foil. To achieve an ideal resonant frequency, the ribbon is corrugated to maintain precise tension. As a conductor and diaphragm, the ribbon is suspended in the magnetic field between two magnetic poles, vibrating with the frequency of incident sound waves and generating a voltage output at both ends. Condenser microphones consist of two metal plates, one coated with an electret film and grounded, while the other is connected to the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET). A diode is connected between the gate and source. The diaphragm of condenser microphones often uses fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), which offers good humidity resistance, generates more surface charge, and is less affected by humidity. Since this transducer also has a capacitive structure with high internal signal impedance, a field-effect transistor must be used at the output to extract and amplify the voltage signal generated by sound.

siemens ag electrical component advantages

Components do not consume material. Regardless of how superior a vacuum tube is, it will gradually degrade due to changes in cathode atoms and slow air leakage. Due to technical reasons, early transistors faced similar issues. Transistors consume very little electrical energy, only one-tenth to one-hundredth of that consumed by vacuum tubes. Unlike vacuum tubes, they do not require heating filaments to generate free electrons. A transistor radio can operate for six months to a year on just a few dry cells, which is difficult to achieve with vacuum tube radios. No warm-up is required; they operate immediately upon powering on. For example, a transistor radio produces sound instantly, and a transistor television displays images quickly after being switched on. Vacuum tube equipment cannot achieve this; one must wait a while after powering on before hearing sound or seeing images. Clearly, transistors have significant advantages in military, measurement, and recording applications. They are robust, reliable, and resistant to shock and vibration, surpassing vacuum tubes. Additionally, transistors are only one-tenth to one-hundredth the size of vacuum tubes and generate little heat, making them suitable for designing compact, complex, and reliable circuits. Although transistor manufacturing processes are precise, the steps are straightforward, facilitating higher component installation density.

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