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sks kontakttechnik electrical components are sensor resistors whose resistance changes with temperature. Depending on the temperature coefficient, they are classified into positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistors and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. The resistance of PTC thermistors increases as temperature rises, while the resistance of NTC thermistors decreases as temperature rises; both belong to semiconductor devices.

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In information technology, digital integrated circuits play a central role, processing information carried by digital signals, which take discrete values in terms of time and magnitude. However, signals in nature change continuously in time and magnitude, such as wind noise and water flow; these are called analog signals. Correspondingly, circuits that process analog signals are called analog circuits, and integrated circuits used to process analog signals are called analog integrated circuits. Clearly, digital circuits cannot directly interface with the natural world. For the convenience of processing or transmission, and to fully leverage the advantages of digital systems, analog signals are first converted into digital signals, input into modern digital systems characterized by large capacity, high speed, strong anti-interference capability, and good confidentiality for processing, and then reconverted into analog signals for output. Transistors are the core of integrated circuits, and analog integrated circuits are no exception; however, they utilize the amplification effect of transistors, whereas digital integrated circuits utilize the switching effect of transistors. Early analog integrated circuits mostly used bipolar transistors. Due to the maturity of CMOS technology, the drawback of slow speed in early CMOS circuits has been overcome, offering advantages such as low power consumption and convenient process upgrades (CMOS scaling). Today, analog integrated circuits and mixed-signal integrated circuits (integrating digital and analog circuits) are also commonly designed and implemented using CMOS.

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The rated current of the fuse element is not equal to the rated current of the fuse. The rated current of the fuse element is selected based on the load current of the protected equipment. The rated current of the fuse should be greater than the rated current of the fuse element and determined in coordination with the main electrical appliance. A fuse mainly consists of 14 parts: the fuse element, the housing, and the support. The fuse element is the key component controlling the fusing characteristics. The material, dimensions, and shape of the fuse element determine its fusing characteristics. Fuse element materials are divided into two categories: low melting point and high melting point. Low melting point materials, such as lead and lead alloys, have a low melting point and fuse easily. Due to their higher resistivity, they require larger cross-sectional dimensions when made into fuse elements, generating more metal vapor during fusing, and are only suitable for fuses with low breaking capacity. High melting point materials, such as copper and silver, have a high melting point and do not fuse easily. However, due to their lower resistivity, they can be made with smaller cross-sectional dimensions than low melting point fuse elements, generating less metal vapor during fusing, making them suitable for fuses with high breaking capacity. The shape of the fuse element is divided into wire-type and strip-type. Changing the shape of the variable cross-section can significantly alter the fusing characteristics of the fuse. Fuses have various fusing characteristic curves, suitable for the needs of different types of protected objects.

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A diode is formed by a PN junction along with corresponding electrode leads and package casing. Using different doping processes, P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors are fabricated on the same semiconductor substrate (usually silicon or germanium) through diffusion. A space charge region, known as the PN junction, forms at their interface. The electrode drawn from the P region is called the anode, and the electrode drawn from the N region is called the cathode. Due to the unidirectional conductivity of the PN junction, when the diode is conducting, the current flows from the anode through the interior of the tube to the cathode. A diode has two electrodes: the electrode drawn from the P region is the positive terminal, also called the anode; the electrode drawn from the N region is the negative terminal, also called the cathode.

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