Stemmann electrical components Germany Stemmann model Stemmann price

Stemmann electrical components are linear devices based on metallic induction. The function of a sensor is to convert various measured physical quantities into electrical signals. In production processes, displacement measurement is generally divided into two types: measuring physical dimensions and measuring mechanical displacement. Depending on the form of transformation of the measured variable, displacement sensors can be classified into analog and digital types. Analog types can be further divided into property-based and structural types. Commonly used displacement sensors are predominantly analog structural types, including potentiometric displacement sensors, inductive displacement sensors, synchros, capacitive displacement sensors, eddy current displacement sensors, and Hall effect displacement sensors. An important advantage of digital displacement sensors is that they facilitate direct input of signals into computer systems. Displacement is a quantity related to the movement of an object's position during motion, and the scope of displacement measurement methods is quite extensive. Small displacements are typically detected using strain gauge, inductive, differential transformer, eddy current, and Hall effect sensors. Large displacements are commonly measured using sensing technologies such as resolvers, optical gratings, capacitive gratings, and magnetic gratings. Among these, optical grating sensors are increasingly widely used in industries such as machine tool machining and testing instruments due to advantages such as ease of digitization, high precision (with current highest resolution reaching the nanometer level), strong anti-interference capability, absence of human reading errors, convenient installation, and reliable operation.

Stemmann electrical component structure

The basic structure of a voltage transformer is very similar to that of a transformer; it also has two windings, one called the primary winding and the other the secondary winding. Both windings are mounted on or wound around an iron core. Insulation exists between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core, providing electrical isolation between the two windings and between the windings and the iron core. During operation of the voltage transformer, the primary winding N1 is connected in parallel to the line, and the secondary winding N4 is connected in parallel to instruments or relays. Therefore, when measuring voltage on high-voltage lines, although the primary voltage is very high, the secondary side is low voltage, ensuring the safety of operating personnel and instruments.

Stemmann electrical component principle

The basic working principle of an optical fiber sensor is to guide light from a light source through an optical fiber into a modulator. After the parameter to be measured interacts with the light entering the modulation region, the optical properties of the light (such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, polarization state, etc.) change, resulting in modulated signal light. Measurement is then completed by utilizing the influence of the measured quantity on the transmission characteristics of the light. There are two measurement principles for optical fiber sensors: (1) Principle of property-based optical fiber sensors. Property-based optical fiber sensors utilize the sensitivity of the optical fiber to environmental changes to convert input physical quantities into modulated optical signals. Their working principle is based on the optical modulation effect of the fiber, meaning that when external environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, electric field, and magnetic field change, the light transmission characteristics of the fiber, such as phase and light intensity, undergo changes. Therefore, by measuring the changes in optical phase and light intensity passing through the fiber, changes in the measured physical quantity can be determined. These sensors are also known as sensitive element type or functional optical fiber sensors. The point source beam of a laser is diffused into parallel waves and split by a beam splitter into two paths: one reference path and one measurement path. External parameters (temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.) cause changes in the length of the optical fiber and the optical phase, thereby generating different numbers of interference fringes. Counting the lateral movement of these fringes allows measurement of temperature or pressure. (5) Principle of structural optical fiber sensors. Structural optical fiber sensors are measurement systems composed of optical detection elements (sensitive elements), optical fiber transmission circuits, and measurement circuits. In this case, the optical fiber serves only as a medium for light propagation, so they are also referred to as light-transmitting or non-functional optical fiber sensors.

Stemmann electrical component principle

The main raw material for ferrite beads is ferrite. Ferrite is a ferrimagnetic material with a cubic lattice structure. Ferrite materials are iron-magnesium alloys or iron-nickel alloys. Their manufacturing process and mechanical properties are similar to ceramics, and their color is gray-black. One type of magnetic core frequently used in electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters is ferrite material, and many manufacturers offer ferrite materials specifically for EMI suppression. A characteristic of this material is very high loss at high frequencies and high permeability, which minimizes the capacitance generated between coil windings of an inductor under high-frequency, high-impedance conditions. For ferrites used in EMI suppression, the most important performance parameters are permeability μ and saturation flux density Bs. Permeability μ can be expressed as a complex number, where the real part constitutes inductance and the imaginary part represents loss, which increases with frequency. Therefore, its equivalent circuit is a series circuit composed of inductance L and resistance R, where both L and R are functions of frequency. When a wire passes through such a ferrite core, the resulting inductive impedance formally increases with rising frequency, but the mechanism differs completely at different frequencies. In the low-frequency range, impedance consists of the inductive reactance of the inductor. At low frequencies, R is small, the core permeability is high, and thus the inductance is large. L plays the major role, and EMI is suppressed by reflection. At this stage, core loss is small, and the entire component acts as an inductor with low loss and high Q characteristics. This type of inductor is prone to resonance, so in the low-frequency range, interference may sometimes increase after using ferrite beads. In the high-frequency range, impedance consists of the resistive component. As frequency increases, core permeability decreases, leading to a reduction in inductance and inductive reactance. However, core loss increases, the resistive component increases, and total impedance increases. When high-frequency signals pass through the ferrite, EMI is absorbed and dissipated as heat. Ferrite suppression components are widely used on printed circuit boards (PCBs), power lines, and data lines. For example, adding ferrite suppression components at the power line entry point of a PCB can filter out high-frequency interference. Ferrite rings or beads are specifically designed to suppress high-frequency interference and spike interference on signal and power lines, and they also have the ability to absorb electrostatic discharge (ESD) pulse interference. The values of these two components are proportional to the length of the bead, and the bead length has a significant impact on suppression effectiveness; the longer the bead, the better the suppression. Inductors can be used for power supply filtering. The circuit symbol for a ferrite bead is the same as that for an inductor, but the model number indicates that a ferrite bead is used. In terms of circuit function, ferrite beads and inductors operate on the same principle, differing only in their frequency characteristics. Ferrite beads are composed of oxide magnets. Ferrite beads provide significant impedance only to high-frequency signals; at low frequencies, their resistance is much lower than that of inductors. Ferrite beads are a rapidly developing anti-interference component that is inexpensive, easy to use, and highly effective at filtering high-frequency noise.

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