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Tele electrical components refer to an electronic component that can open a circuit, interrupt current flow, or direct it to another circuit. The most common switches are manually operated electromechanical devices with one or more electrical contacts. "Closed" contacts indicate that the electrical contact is conductive, allowing current to flow; "open" switch status indicates that the electrical contact is non-conductive, forming an open circuit and preventing current flow. The simplest switch consists of two metal pieces called "contacts"; when the two contacts touch, they complete the current loop, and when they do not touch, the current path is open. When selecting contact metals, consideration must be given to their corrosion resistance, as most metals form insulating oxides after oxidation, preventing normal contact operation. Selection of contact metals must also consider factors such as electrical conductivity, hardness, mechanical strength, cost, and toxicity. Contacts are sometimes plated with corrosion-resistant metals, typically on the contact surface, to prevent performance degradation due to oxides. Non-metallic conductive materials, such as conductive plastics, are sometimes used for contact surfaces. In addition to contacts, switches contain movable parts that make or break the contact connection. Based on the type of movable part, switches are classified as lever switches, push-button switches, rocker switches, etc., and the movable part may also be other types of mechanical linkages.

Tele electrical component structure

For rubber and plastic power cables used for power, lighting, and internal installation in electrical equipment, copper cores are preferred; compacted stranded cores are recommended for large cross-section conductors. Conductors for fixed installations generally use Class 1 or Class 2 conductor structures. Insulation materials generally include natural styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene, and nitrile-PVC compounds. Heat-resistant power cables use PVC rated for 90°C. Sheath materials generally include PVC, cold-resistant PVC, ant-termite PVC, black polyethylene, and neoprene rubber. Black polyethylene and neoprene sheathed power cables are suitable for extreme cold and outdoor overhead installations. Rubber or plastic sheathed power cables may be used in environments with external forces, corrosion, or humidity. Rubber and plastic flexible power cables use copper cores with a flexible structure composed of multiple single-wire strands; flexible conductors generally use Class 5 or Class 6 conductor structures. Insulation materials generally include natural styrene-butadiene rubber, PVC, or soft polyethylene plastic. The cabling lay ratio is small. The outer protective layer uses cotton yarn braiding to prevent overheating and damage to the insulation layer. To facilitate use and simplify production processes, a three-core balanced structure is adopted to save production time and improve efficiency. For shielded insulated power cables, tinning of power conductor cores is permitted in certain applications; the surface coverage density of the shielding layer must comply with standards or meet user requirements; the shielding layer should be braided or wrapped with tinned copper wire; if an extruded sheath is applied over the shield, the shield may use soft round copper wire braiding or wrapping. To prevent internal interference between cores or pairs, individual phase shielding structures for each core (or pair) can be produced. General-purpose rubber-sheathed power cables use copper flexible stranded cores with a flexible structure; paper wrapping is permitted on large cross-section surfaces to improve bending performance. Insulation uses natural styrene-butadiene rubber, which has good aging properties. Outdoor product rubber uses neoprene or neoprene-based compound formulations. Mining rubber power cables use copper cores with a flexible structure composed of multiple single-wire strands: flexible conductors generally use Class 5 or Class 11 conductor structures. Insulation materials generally use rubber. The cabling lay ratio is small. Many products use metal braiding to equalize the electric field and improve insulation condition sensitivity indication. They have a thick outer sheath and are color-coded for underground mine use, allowing construction personnel to identify different voltage levels of the rubber power cables.

Tele electrical component structure

Solid-state relays consist of three parts: input circuit, isolation, and output circuit. Based on input voltage categories, input circuits are divided into DC input, AC input, and AC/DC input circuits. Some input control circuits are compatible with TTL/CMOS, featuring positive/negative logic control and inversion functions, allowing easy connection to TTL and MOS logic circuits. Resistive input circuits are used for control signals with fixed control voltage. Isolation and coupling methods between the input and output circuits of solid-state relays include optocoupling and transformer coupling: optocoupling typically uses photodiode-phototransistor, photodiode-triac optoisolator, or photovoltaic cells to achieve isolated control between the control side and the load side; high-frequency transformer coupling utilizes self-excited high-frequency signals generated by the input control signal, coupled to the secondary side, then demodulated, rectified, and processed by logic circuits to form drive signals. The power switch of the solid-state relay connects directly to the power supply and load terminals to switch the load power on and off. Main components include high-power bipolar transistors, SCRs, triacs, power MOSFETs, and IGBTs. Solid-state relay output circuits are also categorized as DC output, AC output, and AC/DC output forms. Based on load type, they are divided into DC solid-state relays and AC solid-state relays. Bipolar devices or power MOSFETs are used for DC output, while two SCRs or one triac are typically used for AC output. AC solid-state relays are further divided into single-phase and three-phase AC solid-state relays. Based on turn-on and turn-off timing, AC solid-state relays are classified as random-turn-on and zero-crossing AC solid-state relays.

Tele electrical component composition

1. A general fuse consists of three parts: First, the fusible element, which is the core of the fuse and serves to interrupt the current when it melts. For fuses of the same type and rating, the fusible elements must have the same material, identical geometric dimensions, minimal and consistent resistance values, and most importantly, consistent fusing characteristics. Household fuses are commonly made from lead-antimony alloy. Second, the electrode section, typically comprising two electrodes, which are critical components connecting the fusible element to the circuit. They must exhibit good electrical conductivity and should not generate significant installation contact resistance. Third, the holder or support structure. Since the fusible element of a fuse is generally thin and flexible, the holder serves to secure the element and integrate the three parts into a rigid assembly for easy installation and use. It must possess good mechanical strength, insulation properties, heat resistance, and flame retardancy, and must not exhibit cracking, deformation, combustion, or short circuits during use. 2. Arc-extinguishing device: Fuses used in power circuits and high-power equipment not only include the three standard parts of a general fuse but also incorporate an arc-extinguishing device. This is because the circuits protected by such fuses not only carry higher operating currents, but also experience high voltage across the terminals when the fusible element melts. Often, even though the element has melted (fused) or even vaporized, the current is not interrupted. This occurs because arcing takes place between the two electrodes of the fuse under the influence of voltage and current at the instant of fusing. This arc-extinguishing device must have strong insulation properties, good thermal conductivity, and be negatively charged. Quartz sand is a commonly used arc-extinguishing material. 8. Fusing indication device: Some fuses are equipped with a fusing indication device. Its function is to undergo a visible change in appearance after the fuse operates (melts), making it easy for maintenance personnel to detect. Examples include light emission, color change, or the ejection of a solid indicator.

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