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telekom electrical components are specifically designed to suppress high-frequency noise and spike interference on signal lines and power lines, and also have the ability to absorb electrostatic pulses. Ferrite beads are used to absorb ultra-high-frequency signals. For example, some RF circuits, PLL, oscillator circuits, and circuits containing ultra-high-frequency memory (DDR SDRAM, RAMBUS, etc.) all require ferrite beads at the power input. Inductors are energy storage components used in LC oscillator circuits, medium and low-frequency filter circuits, etc., and their application frequency range rarely exceeds 50MHZ. Ferrite beads have high resistivity and permeability, equivalent to a resistor and inductor in series, but both resistance and inductance vary with frequency.

telekom electrical component principle

The thermistor will remain in a non-tripped state for extended periods; when the ambient temperature and current are in the c region, the heat dissipation power of the thermistor is close to its heat generation power, so it may or may not trip. For a given ambient temperature, the tripping time of the thermistor decreases sharply as the current increases; at relatively higher ambient temperatures, the thermistor has shorter tripping times and lower holding and tripping currents. The PTC effect refers to a material exhibiting the PTC effect, i.e., the positive temperature coefficient effect, meaning that the resistance of this material increases with rising temperature. For example, most metallic materials exhibit the PTC effect. In these materials, the PTC effect manifests as a linear increase in resistance with increasing temperature, which is commonly referred to as the linear PTC effect. Nonlinear PTC effect: Materials undergoing a phase transition exhibit a phenomenon where resistance increases sharply by several to more than ten orders of magnitude over a narrow temperature range, known as the nonlinear PTC effect. Many types of conductive polymers exhibit this effect, such as polymer PTC thermistors. These conductive polymers are very useful for manufacturing overcurrent protection devices. Polymer PTC thermistors are used for overcurrent protection and are often referred to as resettable fuses (hereinafter referred to as thermistors). Due to their unique positive temperature coefficient resistance characteristics, they are highly suitable as overcurrent protection devices. The method of using a thermistor is similar to that of a conventional fuse; it is connected in series in the circuit. When the circuit operates normally, the thermistor's temperature is close to room temperature and its resistance is very low, so connecting it in series does not hinder current flow. However, when an overcurrent occurs due to a fault, the increased heat generation causes the thermistor's temperature to rise. When the temperature exceeds the switching temperature, the resistance increases dramatically, rapidly reducing the current in the circuit to a safe value. After the thermistor trips, the current in the circuit drops significantly, where t is the tripping time of the thermistor. Due to the good design flexibility of polymer PTC thermistors, their sensitivity to temperature can be adjusted by changing their switching temperature (ts), allowing them to provide both overtemperature and overcurrent protection. They are suitable for overcurrent and overtemperature protection of lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Influence of ambient temperature on polymer PTC thermistors: Polymer PTC thermistors are direct-heating, step-type thermistors. Their resistance change process is related to their own heat generation and dissipation conditions, so their holding current, tripping current, and tripping time are influenced by ambient temperature.

telekom electrical component parameters

1. Stable voltage refers to the stable voltage value generated across the Zener diode when it passes the rated current. This value changes slightly with operating current and temperature. Due to differences in manufacturing processes, the stabilization voltage of Zener diodes of the same model is not completely consistent. 2. Reverse leakage current refers to the current passing through the Zener diode when it generates a stable voltage. Below this value, the Zener diode can still regulate voltage, but the regulation effect will be poorer; above this value, as long as the rated power loss is not exceeded, it is allowed, and the voltage regulation performance will be better, but it will consume more electrical energy. 3. Dynamic resistance refers to the ratio of the voltage change to the current change across the Zener diode. This ratio changes with different operating currents; generally, the larger the operating current, the smaller the dynamic resistance. 4. Rated power consumption is determined by the allowable temperature rise of the chip, and its value is the product of the stable voltage and the maximum allowable current. 5. Temperature coefficient: If the temperature of the Zener diode changes, its stable voltage will also undergo slight changes. The relative change in voltage across the tube caused by a temperature change of 1℃ is the temperature coefficient (unit: %/℃). Generally speaking, stabilization voltages below 6V belong to Zener breakdown, and the temperature coefficient is negative; the temperature coefficient is positive. When the temperature rises, the depletion layer decreases. In the depletion layer, the valence electrons of atoms rise to higher energy levels, and a smaller electric field strength can excite valence electrons from atoms to produce Zener breakdown, so its temperature coefficient is negative. Avalanche breakdown occurs when the depletion layer is wider and the electric field strength is lower. Increased temperature amplifies the vibration amplitude of lattice atoms, hindering the movement of carriers. In this case, avalanche breakdown can only occur by increasing the reverse voltage, so the voltage temperature coefficient of avalanche breakdown is positive. For applications with high requirements for power supply, two Zener diodes with opposite temperature coefficients can be connected in series for compensation. Due to mutual compensation, the temperature coefficient is greatly reduced. 14. Reverse leakage current refers to the leakage current generated by the Zener diode under the specified reverse voltage.

telekom electrical component applications

The basic circuits of analog integrated circuits include current sources, single-stage amplifiers, filters, feedback circuits, current mirror circuits, etc. Higher-level basic circuits composed of these include operational amplifiers and comparators. Even higher-level circuits include switched-capacitor circuits, phase-locked loops, and ADC/DAC. Based on the response relationship between output and input signals, analog integrated circuits can be divided into two categories: linear integrated circuits and non-linear integrated circuits. The response between the output and input signals of the former is usually linear; the shape of the output signal is similar to that of the input signal, only amplified by a fixed factor. The output signal of non-linear integrated circuits has a non-linear response to the input signal, such as square or logarithmic relationships, hence they are called non-linear circuits. Common non-linear circuits include oscillators, timers, and phase-locked loop circuits. Typical applications of analog integrated circuits are shown in the figure below. External natural signals collected by various sensors or antennas, such as temperature, humidity, optical, piezoelectric, and acoustic-electric sensors, are pre-processed by analog circuits and converted into suitable digital signals for input into digital systems. Signals processed by the digital system are then post-processed by analog circuits and converted into analog signals such as sound, images, and radio waves for output.

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