TESLAMP electrical components Germany TESLAMP model TESLAMP price

TESLAMP electrical component is an active-matrix liquid crystal display driven by thin-film transistors. It primarily uses current to stimulate liquid crystal molecules to generate points, lines, and planes, which combine with backlights to form images. IPS, TFT, and SLCD are all subclasses of LCD. Its working principle is that, under the action of an electric field, the alignment direction of liquid crystal molecules changes, altering the transmittance of external light sources (modulation) to achieve electro-optical conversion. Then, using different excitations of the R, G, and B primary color signals through red, green, and blue primary color filter films, it completes color reproduction in the time and spatial domains.

TESLAMP electrical component principle

The basic working principle of a fiber optic sensor is to guide light from a source through an optical fiber into a modulator. After the parameter to be measured interacts with the light entering the modulation region, the optical properties of the light (such as intensity, wavelength, frequency, phase, polarization state, etc.) change, resulting in modulated signal light. The measurement is then completed by utilizing the influence of the measured quantity on the transmission characteristics of the light. There are two measurement principles for fiber optic sensors: (1) Principle of intrinsic fiber optic sensors: Intrinsic fiber optic sensors utilize the sensitivity of the optical fiber to environmental changes to convert input physical quantities into modulated optical signals. Their working principle is based on the optical modulation effect of the fiber, meaning that when external environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, electric fields, or magnetic fields change, the light transmission characteristics of the fiber, such as phase and light intensity, will change. Therefore, if the changes in optical phase and light intensity passing through the fiber can be measured, the changes in the measured physical quantity can be determined. These sensors are also known as sensitive element type or functional fiber optic sensors. The point-source beam of a laser is diffused into parallel waves and split into two paths by a beam splitter: one reference path and one measurement path. External parameters (temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.) cause changes in fiber length and optical phase, generating different numbers of interference fringes. Counting their lateral movement allows measurement of temperature or pressure. (4) Principle of extrinsic fiber optic sensors: Extrinsic fiber optic sensors are measurement systems composed of optical detection elements (sensitive elements), optical fiber transmission circuits, and measurement circuits. Here, the optical fiber serves only as a medium for light propagation, so they are also called non-functional or light-transmitting fiber optic sensors.

TESLAMP electrical component principle

A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that converts the chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidant directly into electrical energy isothermally according to electrochemical principles, specifically the working principle of a galvanic cell. Thus, the actual process is an oxidation-reduction reaction. A fuel cell mainly consists of four parts: the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and external circuit. Fuel gas and oxidizing gas are introduced into the anode and cathode of the fuel cell, respectively. The fuel gas releases electrons at the anode; these electrons are conducted through the external circuit to the cathode, where they combine with the oxidizing gas to form ions. Under the action of an electric field, the ions migrate through the electrolyte to the anode, react with the fuel gas, complete the circuit, and generate current. Meanwhile, due to the electrochemical reaction itself and the internal resistance of the battery, the fuel cell also generates a certain amount of heat. In addition to conducting electrons, the cathode and anode also serve as catalysts for the oxidation-reduction reaction. When the fuel is a hydrocarbon, the anode requires higher catalytic activity. The cathode and anode usually have a porous structure to facilitate the intake of reactant gases and the discharge of products. The electrolyte serves to transmit ions and separate the fuel gas from the oxidizing gas. To prevent mixing of the two gases, which would cause a short circuit inside the battery, the electrolyte is typically a dense structure. The composition of a fuel cell is similar to that of a general battery. Its single cell consists of positive and negative electrodes (the negative electrode is the fuel electrode and the positive electrode is the oxidant electrode) and an electrolyte. The difference is that the active materials of a general battery are stored inside the battery, thus limiting the battery capacity. In contrast, the positive and negative electrodes of a fuel cell do not contain active materials themselves but act only as catalytic conversion elements. Therefore, a fuel cell is truly an energy conversion machine that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. During operation, fuel and oxidant are supplied externally for the reaction. In principle, as long as reactants are continuously input and reaction products are continuously removed, the fuel cell can generate electricity continuously.

TESLAMP electrical component principle

When two different conductors or semiconductors A and B form a loop with their ends connected together, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions are different, with one end at temperature T (called the working end or hot end) and the other end at temperature T0 (called the free end or cold end), an electromotive force (EMF) will be generated in the loop. The direction and magnitude of this EMF depend on the material of the conductors and the temperatures of the two junctions. This phenomenon is called the "thermoelectric effect," the loop formed by the two conductors is called a "thermocouple," the two conductors are called "thermoelectrodes," and the generated EMF is called "thermoelectric EMF." Thermoelectric EMF consists of two parts: the contact EMF between the two conductors and the temperature difference EMF of a single conductor. The magnitude of the thermoelectric EMF in a thermocouple loop depends only on the conductor materials forming the thermocouple and the temperatures of the two junctions, and is independent of the shape and dimensions of the thermocouple. Once the materials of the two thermocouple electrodes are fixed, the thermoelectric EMF is the functional difference between the temperatures t and t0 of the two junctions. This relationship is widely used in practical temperature measurement. Because the cold end t0 is constant, the thermoelectric EMF generated by the thermocouple changes only with the temperature of the hot end (measurement end), meaning a specific thermoelectric EMF corresponds to a specific temperature. We can achieve temperature measurement simply by measuring the thermoelectric EMF. The basic principle of thermocouple temperature measurement is that two homogeneous conductors of different compositions form a closed loop. When a temperature gradient exists between the two ends, current flows through the loop, creating an EMF between the ends—the thermoelectric EMF. This is known as the Seebeck effect. The two homogeneous conductors of different compositions are the thermoelectrodes; the end with the higher temperature is the working end, and the end with the lower temperature is the free end, which is usually kept at a constant temperature. Based on the functional relationship between thermoelectric EMF and temperature, thermocouple graduation tables are created. These tables are obtained under the condition that the free end temperature is 7 °C; different thermocouples have different graduation tables. When a third metal material is inserted into the thermocouple loop, as long as the temperatures at the two junctions of this material are the same, the thermoelectric potential generated by the thermocouple remains unchanged, i.e., it is unaffected by the insertion of the third metal. Therefore, during thermocouple temperature measurement, a measuring instrument can be connected. After measuring the thermoelectric EMF, the temperature of the measured medium can be determined. Thermocouple temperature measurement requires that the temperature of its cold end (the measurement end is the hot end; the end connected to the measurement circuit via lead wires is called the cold end) remains constant, so that the magnitude of the thermoelectric potential has a proportional relationship with the measured temperature. If the (ambient) temperature of the cold end changes during measurement, it will seriously affect the accuracy of the measurement. Taking measures at the cold end to compensate for the effects caused by changes in cold end temperature is called thermocouple cold junction compensation. Special compensation wires are used to connect to the measuring instrument. Thermocouple cold junction compensation calculation methods: (1) From millivolts to temperature: Measure the cold end temperature, convert it to the corresponding millivolt value, add it to the millivolt value of the thermocouple, and convert to temperature; (2) From temperature to millivolts: Measure the actual temperature and the cold end temperature, convert them separately to millivolt values, subtract to obtain the millivolt value, and thus determine the temperature.

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